Discuss the arguments justifying torture as a legitimate Essay

Examine the contentions advocating torment as a real counter-fear methodology and the ramifications of legitimizing state-supported projects of torment - Essay Example The aggregate expenses of fear based oppression incorporate its destabilization of governments, common social orders, harmony and security just as its danger to financial improvement of the influenced zones and the whole worldwide society; these aggregate expenses likewise subvert the solidness of human rights. Given that people are qualified for security as a crucial human right and governments are committed to guarantee the security of their populace, states the world over have subsequently received critical measures to protect their nationals against the weakness danger presented by fear based oppression (Piazza and Walsh 2010, p.407). In any case, advancements in the ongoing past including the inescapability of worldwide fear based oppression and the quick changing nature and extent of psychological warfare have constrained governments to embrace rigid measures as counter-fear mongering methodologies, subsequently subverting human rights and the standard of law (Foot 2007, p.489) . Most if not all states are progressively depending on the utilization of torment and other sick treatment as their counter-fear mongering methodology while ignoring the legitimate institutional protections intended to forestall torment. Likewise, different states have subverted the worldwide promise to evasion of torment and gave over dread suspects to the nations where they are profoundly powerless to torment just as other human rights mishandles. The battle against worldwide fear based oppression has been soiled with both professional and hostile to torment contentions everywhere throughout the world, with the rivals of the utilization of torment as a counter-psychological warfare technique guaranteeing that such a methodology is counterproductive since it subverts the standard of law, great administration and human rights. In that reservists have frequently contended that the war on fear ought to be messed with deference for human rights just as the standard of law individually, through the foundation of counter-psychological warfare systems that both

E-Technologies have Changed Modern Social Life and Remedies

Question: How E-Technologies have Changed Modern Social Life and Remedies. Answer: The approach of electronic innovation, otherwise called e-innovation, has essentially changed how individuals interface with one another and how they remain associated. Be that as it may, with the multiplication of these advancements, one would envision these instruments would help individuals to have a superior comprehension of different societies, discuss adequately with others, keep up and improve familial connections, and help the vast majority to be all the more socially proficient. In any case, that has not been the situation. These specialized gadgets have made numerous individuals get occupied, be progressively pushed, and be excessively secluded. Effect on Social Life The utilization of e-innovation has a few positive and negative outcomes. A few people have had the option to discover tragically deceased companions through e-innovation stages, particularly informal communication destinations, and this has empowered them to reconnect and live cheerful lives once more. In people group where individuals are exceptionally versatile, and loved ones work or live in various land regions, they discover it very advantageous to utilize e-innovation to stay in contact. Since it requires just a couple of moments to go over a message and hence get criticism, it expels the boundary of separation (Rocha 2013; Atkinson and Castro 2004). What's more, these devices make everybody equivalent. Accordingly, it is anything but difficult to speak with individuals from a wide assortment of foundations utilizing these gadgets. At the point when individuals are connecting over the Internet, for instance, it is hard for them to know whether they are more senior than the other party. With an expertly evolved site, a lesser individual can show up very much educated on the Internet as different specialists as it is extremely unlikely they can be made a decision about dependent on their age, skin shading, race, and progressively other comparative variables (Hertlein and Blumer 2014). In any case, there are additionally issues that are related with this innovation. A great many people via web-based networking media believe recognition to be the truth. Numerous individuals concur that numerous clients on their internet based life systems are not their genuine companions. Be that as it may, person to person communication destinations have added another importance to companion. They believe two individuals to be companions or not companions, which make individuals to believe discernment to be reality (Turkle 2012; Roberts 2010). Studies demonstrate that these locales make a stage for wanton trust connections that in the end add to undermining critical others, which have lead to numerous instances of separation. The quantity of individuals who have been terminated from their employments and given admonitions for utilizing these devices or posting something that sabotages their expert standings is additionally on the expansion. These issues emerge in light of the fact that clients consider each other as companions on the web (Turkle 2012; Woolgar 2002). While the loss of occupations and separation are not kidding issues, different issues that the possibility to originate from web based life, for example, narcissism are more typical than them. Most sites energize narcissism, a condition wherein somebody displays outrageous enthusiasm for another people appearance and oneself. This conduct prompts desire, cybersex enslavement, and other indecent responses. A few specialists consider that the vast majority additionally utilize long range informal communication locales to show their notoriety to their crowd as opposed to utilizing them as a vehicle to grow genuine, important connections (Woolgar 2002). Making significant relations is about individuals offering their lives to their companions and colleagues. It is conceivable to utilize innovation to do that through photographs, music, content, and recordings. An ongoing overview has shown that the individuals who need to know each other for a considerable length of time more effectively associate through e-innovation than the individuals who have never met (Thomson 2006). In any case, online networks and virtual universes can't offer a chance to numerous individuals to beat a feeling of confinement. People who effectively discover others online with comparable diversions and interests may feel better however doesn't really positively affect their social abilities and social turn of events. The best issue comes when individuals wind up quietly subbing electronic connections for physical connections. An excessive amount of electronic connections additionally induce a feeling of social segregation (Lickerman 2010). There is likewise the danger of Identity commandeering, which permits individuals to pick the individual data of an individual and use it to make another profile. Since numerous individuals trust what their companions post via web-based networking media, pernicious clients can utilize this procedure to execute their arrangements on others with practically no location (Adam and Smith 2008; McCloud 2013). E-innovation is a hazard factor for Internet gaming fixation. Web gaming is a case where individuals can experience genuine social difficulties. Most youngsters who are dependent on these games think that its simple discussion about sentimental connections of some virtual world games, however whenever they are conceded an open door for profound, aware, and important discussions, they are maladroit. While connecting their poor social abilities to these games may seem somewhat fantastical, look into has called attention to a few adverse social effects of certain recordings on youngsters. One late examination demonstrates that playing savage computer games is a main hazard factor for later physical hostility for the two young men and young ladies (McQuade et al. 2012). A similar research, in any case, likewise infers that connecting gaming to poor social aptitudes can miss the master plan. There are examples where individuals can participate in genuine exercises, for example, football, and when the social issues that emerge from these exercises are the equivalent or more terrible than those of gaming, gaming can help in relationship building (McQuade et al. 2012). Electronic TV likewise has both positive and negative effect on social turn of events. Studies show that families that take a constrained measure of time watching healthy projects have more advantageous connections than those that don't. Different specialists, in any case, imagine that TV is contributing fundamentally to the spoiling of social qualities, which thus makes it hard to assemble valuable connections. Since numerous individuals invest more energy sitting in front of the TV than with others on their networks and TV is a detached medium, it gives basically no chance to important cooperation while viewing. This component of detachment can negatively affect the social abilities of individuals. TV denies watchers the chance to figure out how to identify with and manage others (Willard 2007). Presentation to Internet games can cause some genuine adverse impacts on people groups public activities. Introduction to shows that present sexual substance can expand high schooler pregnancies. Likewise, a few people who see brutal conduct acknowledged in a virtual network are regularly inclined to impersonate. If everybody somehow managed to copy the unethical practices that are introduced in numerous shows, the general public would need ethics and numerous people groups lives would be pulverized Willard 2007). Phishing, a demonstration of taking delicate data through a medium that introduces itself a real position, is another normal issue. For a phishing plan to succeed, there must be an appearance of authenticity and furthermore reliability of the conveyance medium. Present day plans rely upon nitty gritty individual data for focused assaults. At the point when one is so promptly ready to unveil has telephone numbers, intrigue, training history, and addresses, they discover the work simple. In spite of the fact that there are no detailed harms brought about by phishing utilizing these locales, it represents a genuine peril. Since more than 15,000 individuals join on Facebook day by day, the assaults and their seriousness are set to build (Carlson 2008). E-innovation is likewise a danger to physical security. At the point when individuals regularly update on Twitter about where they will be at a specific time, it causes malevolent individuals to make sense of where one is. It makes open doors for grabbing, ambush, and thievery (Willard 2007). Defeating the Threats and Risks While examines have not effectively settled a shared view pretty much all the destructive and valuable impacts of e-innovations, these advancements stay to be the fundamental apparatuses that families will keep on utilizing to settle on life decisions and openings. In the cutting edge world, individuals have no choice other than to utilize electronic innovations to associate with open organizations as paper applications and numerous different correspondences are not, at this point acknowledged. Innovation is turning into the main proficient methods through which individuals can go after positions, share neighborhood news, do homework, assemble, and share the report about family festivities and issues. Along these lines, supplies of e-innovations are searching for approaches to conquer the dangers and dangers related with these instruments to guarantee individuals utilize these advances without the dread of experiencing any negative outcomes (Ioannides 2006). Providers of electronic innovations are trying to conquer these dangers and dangers. These destinations give an elevated level of access control. Facebook, for instance, urges clients to arrange its protection settings to have control on who can get to a few or the entirety of their own data. Likewise, these locales expect individuals to utilize their genuine names. The data they contain is either for the most part genuine or effectively recognized as phony. The vast majority have practically no motivation to misrepresent data on Facebook to stay aware of their companions in a reliable way. Myspace and LinkedIn clients additionally endeavor to utilize their genuine names. As indicated by look into, just eight percent of Facebook clients have counterfeit names, and 89 percent utilize genuine names. The rest utilizes incomplete names (Ioannides 2006; Cross 2013). One can likewise utilize perusing extension settings to constrain the capacity of individuals to see data across ranges in any gathering. A client can conclude that his point by point individual data can be seen up to a particular number of degrees away. LinkedIn requires autho

Lott, Trent

Lott, Trent Lott, Trent (Chester Trent Lott), 1941â€", American politician, b. Grenada, Miss. Lott attended college and law school at the Univ. of Mississippi, then briefly (1967) worked with a private law firm. He entered politics as an assistant to a Democratic Mississippi congressman (1968â€"72). Already a conservative, he became a Republican and was elected to the House of Representatives in 1972, serving as House Republican whip from 1981 to 1989, when he began his first term in the Senate. He became Senate whip in 1995, and when the majority leader, Bob Dole , resigned to run for the presidency in mid-1996, Senate Republicans chose the gregarious, telegenic, and more strongly conservative Lott to succeed him. Lott was subsequently minority leader (2001â€"3), resigning after he was widely criticized for remarks at a birthday party for Senator Strom Thurmond in which he implied that the United States would have better off if the 1948 presidential election had been won by Thurmond (who ra n on a segregationist platform). Lott was chairman of the Senate committee on rules and administration from 2003 to 2007, when he again became Senate Republican whip, but he resigned his seat at the end of 2007. See his autobiography (2005). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

The Significance of Oral History and Testimony in Relation to - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 970 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORAL HISTORY AND TESTIMONY IN RELATION TO THE STOLEN GENERATION. Back in 1991, the Labour government of the day commissioned a national inquiry into the forced removal of mixed race and indigenous children from their parents. Because of the racist policies that ensured aborigines were ignored, there are few official records or statistics which include indigenous people. The ability to bring the past to life through the testimony of people who lived through these little recorded events, creates a new slice of the true history of Australia. Oral history is a method of historical investigation by recording life experiences and memories through first person narrative. Although interview is the most common way of collecting oral history, it also incorporates the use of focus groups, community interviews and diary recordings (Mikula, 2008). Oral testimony is a personal account given verbally, sworn as truth. Both oral history and testimony have great importance when all other methods of history, such as statistics and government reports, fail to report the full story. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Significance of Oral History and Testimony in Relation to" essay for you Create order In reflection, the most significant tool that sticks out amongst the readings for this topic is language and the contrast in ways to describe the same piece of history. The words chosen by each author to describe people and events, whether emotional language is used to bias and even analysis of the accolades or criticisms that are given to people quoted throughout the different pieces are all skilfully used to shape the reader’s attitude and response to the issue. Referring to both articles from The Age (Munro, 2006 Flanagan, 2006), the authors are both keen to expose the pro-liberal political journalist, Andrew Bolt, as an ignorant person, who seems to believe that the ‘stolen generation’ is somewhat of a myth and not relevant to society or politics today. These views are not held by the majority of the Australian population, so the response felt when reading about a debate with Mr Bolt is one of frustration and anger. At the time the articles were published, Liberal was in government. At no point in the past or present, has the Liberal government apologised on behalf of the Australian people for our past wrongdoings. The government did not agree with financial compensation; therefore, to apologise would be an expression of guilt. A public apology did finally arrive at the change of government, in 2007. In Kennedy’s academic piece (Kennedy, 2006), the overwhelming point is that testimony is there to be heard; not just by one person, but all. Describing the social and political context of the time gives a reader and understanding of why the report was commissioned with great sympathy, yet the findings were given little consideration and progress since then has dwindled. The reader learns how individuals have varying responses to oral history and testimony, based on speaking and subject position. This paper reads as an analysis on the credibility of oral history and the stolen generation, in particular the ways in which it can be passed on to the wider population. On the cover of Bird’s non-fiction book (Bird, 1998), a photo is used as a visual form of history – to give the reader evidence as well as an idea of the reality back in the 1930’s. This book is a collection of testimonies collected through the National Inquiry into the stolen generation, with the introduction made up of the author’s personal reflection on collating the material, along with a critical review of what the government has and hasn’t done since the report was published. Similarly, the reading from the UTS Review (Smallcombe, 1996) is also a reflection of her experience in assisting with the collection of testimonies and oral history. As an indigenous researcher, she also made the point to highlight the increased interest in the aboriginal community and individuals having a more active role in the collecting and producing of their own history. The oral history and testimony has played a significant role educating contemporary Australia, and the rest of the world, about the devastating effects of racist policy implemented in the 19th and 20th centuries. The two main positive outcomes of the inquiry into the stolen generation include understanding and healing (Wilson, 1998). There are countless reports of people that testified that telling their stories was the start of the healing process. For the first time since white settlers arrived in Australia, the aboriginal people were finally able to tell their own stories, in their own voice – a voice that had been silenced for too long. Financial assistance and the organisation of services to help families and individuals search for their relatives, along with counselling services for those affected are a couple of the suggestions by the report that have been put in place. Most importantly, though, was the provision of funds to continue recording and collecting oral history and testimonies. Written records failed to acknowledge the existence and contribution of aboriginal people in Australian history. With the oral history and testimony collected in relation to the stolen generation, many of our indigenous population finally had their voices heard. Word count – 832 REFERENCES Bird, C. (ed. ), The Stolen Children: Their Stories, Sydney, Random House. pp 1-15, 19-32. Flanagan, M. 2006. ‘Not just black and white’, The Age, 05 September. Kennedy, R. 2004. ‘The affective work of Stolen Generations testimony: from the archives to the classroom’, Biography 27. 1. pp 48-77 Mikula, M. 2008 ‘Oral History’ in Key Concepts in Cultural Studies, Palgrave, Macmillan. p 142-143 Munro, I. 2006. ‘A decade on, stolen generation draws a crowd, but no winner’, The Age, 04 September. Smallcombe, S. 1996. ‘Oral Histories of the Stolen Generation’, The UTS Review, 2:1. pp 38-42 Tucker, M. 1995. ‘They Found our Mother still Moaning and Groaning’ (Documents 2. 7) in Katie Holmes and Marilyn Lake (eds. ), Freedom Bound II, Allen and Unwin. Wilson, R. 1998. ‘Preface’ in Carmel Bird (ed. ), The Stolen Children: Their Stories, Sydney, Random House. pp. xii-xv

Hydrogen Peroxide Shelf Life and Effectiveness

Hydrogen peroxide, like many household chemicals, can expire. If youve ever poured hydrogen peroxide solution onto a cut and didnt experience the expected fizz, its likely your bottle of hydrogen peroxide has become a bottle of plain water. The 3-percent hydrogen peroxide solution you can buy for use as a disinfectant typically has a shelf life of at least a year and up to three years if the bottle is unopened. Once you break the seal, the hydrogen peroxide will last 30 to 45 days at peak effectiveness, with about six months of useful activity. As soon as you expose the peroxide solution to air, it starts to react to form water. Also, if you contaminate the bottle—such as by dipping a swab or finger into it—you can expect the effectiveness of the remaining liquid to be compromised. So, if you have a bottle of hydrogen peroxide that has been sitting in your medicine cabinet for a few years, it would be a good idea to replace it. If youve opened the bottle at any point, assume the liquid has outlived its usefulness. Why Peroxide Bubbles Whether your bottle of peroxide is open or not, its always decomposing into water and oxygen. The equation is: 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O O2(g) The bubbles that form in the reaction come from oxygen gas. Ordinarily, the reaction proceeds so slowly you cant perceive it. When you pour hydrogen peroxide onto a cut or any of several surfaces, the reaction proceeds much more quickly because a catalyst is present. Catalysts that speed the decomposition reaction include transition metals, such as iron in the blood  and the enzyme catalase. Catalase is found in nearly all living organisms, including humans and bacteria, where it acts to protect cells from peroxide by quickly deactivating it. Peroxide is naturally produced in cells and needs to be neutralized before it can cause oxidative damage. When you pour peroxide on a cut, both healthy tissue and microbes are killed, but the damage to your tissue mends. Test to See If It Is Still Good If youre not sure whether that bottle of peroxide is worth using, theres a safe and easy way to test it. Splash a bit into a sink. If it fizzes, its still good. If you dont get a fizz, its time to replace the bottle. Tips to Extend the Peroxides Life Dont open the new container until youre ready to use it and dont transfer it to a clear container. In addition to air, light also reacts with peroxide and causes it to change. You can help extend the shelf life of your hydrogen peroxide by storing it in a cool location, since heat accelerates the rate of chemical reactions, including the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Digital Fortress Chapter 3 Free Essays

string(50) " to the jumble of text on the overhead projector\." Susan’s Volvo sedan rolled to a stop in the shadow of the ten-foot-high, barbed Cyclone fence. A young guard placed his hand on the roof. â€Å"ID, please. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Fortress Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Susan obliged and settled in for the usual half-minute wait. The officer ran her card through a computerized scanner. Finally he looked up. â€Å"Thank you, Ms. Fletcher.† He gave an imperceptible sign, and the gate swung open. Half a mile ahead Susan repeated the entire procedure at an equally imposing electrified fence. Come on, guys†¦ I’ve only been through here a million times. As she approached the final checkpoint, a stocky sentry with two attack dogs and a machine gun glanced down at her license plate and waved her through. She followed Canine Road for another 250 yards and pulled into Employee Lot C. Unbelievable, she thought. Twenty-six thousand employees and a twelve-billion-dollar budget; you’d think they could make it through the weekend without me. Susan gunned the car into her reserved spot and killed the engine. After crossing the landscaped terrace and entering the main building, she cleared two more internal checkpoints and finally arrived at the windowless tunnel that led to the new wing. A voice-scan booth blocked her entry. NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY (NSA) CRYPTO FACILITY AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY The armed guard looked up. â€Å"Afternoon, Ms. Fletcher.† Susan smiled tiredly. â€Å"Hi, John.† â€Å"Didn’t expect you today.† â€Å"Yeah, me neither.† She leaned toward the parabolic microphone. â€Å"Susan Fletcher,† she stated clearly. The computer instantly confirmed the frequency concentrations in her voice, and the gate clicked open. She stepped through. The guard admired Susan as she began her walk down the cement causeway. He noticed that her strong hazel eyes seemed distant today, but her cheeks had a flushed freshness, and her shoulder-length, auburn hair looked newly blown dry. Trailing her was the faint scent of Johnson’s Baby Powder. His eyes fell the length of her slender torso-to her white blouse with the bra barely visible beneath, to her knee-length khaki skirt, and finally to her legs†¦ Susan Fletcher’s legs. Hard to imagine they support a 170 IQ, he mused to himself. He stared after her a long time. Finally he shook his head as she disappeared in the distance. As Susan reached the end of the tunnel, a circular, vaultlike door blocked her way. The enormous letters read: crypto. Sighing, she placed her hand inside the recessed cipher box and entered her five-digit PIN. Seconds later the twelve-ton slab of steel began to revolve. She tried to focus, but her thoughts reeled back to him. David Becker. The only man she’d ever loved. The youngest full professor at Georgetown University and a brilliant foreign-language specialist, he was practically a celebrity in the world of academia. Born with an eidetic memory and a love of languages, he’d mastered six Asian dialects as well as Spanish, French, and Italian. His university lectures on etymology and linguistics were standing-room only, and he invariably stayed late to answer a barrage of questions. He spoke with authority and enthusiasm, apparently oblivious to the adoring gazes of his star-struck coeds. Becker was dark-a rugged, youthful thirty-five with sharp green eyes and a wit to match. His strong jaw and taut features reminded Susan of carved marble. Over six feet tall, Becker moved across a squash court faster than any of his colleagues could comprehend. After soundly beating his opponent, he would cool off by dousing his head in a drinking fountain and soaking his tuft of thick, black hair. Then, still dripping, he’d treat his opponent to a fruit shake and a bagel. As with all young professors, David’s university salary was modest. From time to time, when he needed to renew his squash club membership or restring his old Dunlop with gut, he earned extra money by doing translating work for government agencies in and around Washington. It was on one of those jobs that he’d met Susan. It was a crisp morning during fall break when Becker returned from a morning jog to his three-room faculty apartment to find his answering machine blinking. He downed a quart of orange juice as he listened to the playback. The message was like many he received-a government agency requesting his translating services for a few hours later that morning. The only strange thing was that Becker had never heard of the organization. â€Å"They’re called the National Security Agency,† Becker said, calling a few of his colleagues for background. The reply was always the same. â€Å"You mean the National Security Council?† Becker checked the message. â€Å"No. They said Agency. The NSA.† â€Å"Never heard of ’em.† Becker checked the GAO Directory, and it showed no listing either. Puzzled, Becker called one of his old squash buddies, an ex-political analyst turned research clerk at the Library of Congress. David was shocked by his friend’s explanation. Apparently, not only did the NSA exist, but it was considered one of the most influential government organizations in the world. It had been gathering global electronic intelligence data and protecting U.S. classified information for over half a century. Only 3 percent of Americans were even aware it existed. â€Å"NSA,† his buddy joked, â€Å"stands for ‘No Such Agency.’ â€Å" With a mixture of apprehension and curiosity, Becker accepted the mysterious agency’s offer. He drove the thirty-seven miles to their eighty-six-acre headquarters hidden discreetly in the wooded hills of Fort Meade, Maryland. After passing through endless security checks and being issued a six-hour, holographic guest pass, he was escorted to a plush research facility where he was told he would spend the afternoon providing â€Å"blind support† to the Cryptography Division-an elite group of mathematical brainiacs known as the code-breakers. For the first hour, the cryptographers seemed unaware Becker was even there. They hovered around an enormous table and spoke a language Becker had never heard. They spoke of stream ciphers, self-decimated generators, knapsack variants, zero knowledge protocols, unicity points. Becker observed, lost. They scrawled symbols on graph paper, pored over computer printouts, and continuously referred to the jumble of text on the overhead projector. You read "Digital Fortress Chapter 3" in category "Essay examples" JHdja3jKHDhmado/ertwtjlw+jgj328 5jhalsfnHKhhhfafOhhdfgaf/fj37we ohi93450s9djfd2h/HHrtyFHLf89303 95jspjf2j0890Ihj98yhfi080ewrt03 jojr845h0roq+jt0eu4tqefqe//oujw 08UY0IH0934jtpwfiajer09qu4jr9gu ivjP$duw4h95pe8rtugvjw3p4e/ikkc mffuerhfgv0q394ikjrmg+unhvs9oer rk/0956y7u0poikIOjp9f8760qwerqi Eventually one of them explained what Becker had already surmised. The scrambled text was a code-a â€Å"cipher text†-groups of numbers and letters representing encrypted words. The cryptographers’ job was to study the code and extract from it the original message, or â€Å"cleartext.† The NSA had called Becker because they suspected the original message was written in Mandarin Chinese; he was to translate the symbols as the cryptographers decrypted them. For two hours, Becker interpreted an endless stream of Mandarin symbols. But each time he gave them a translation, the cryptographers shook their heads in despair. Apparently the code was not making sense. Eager to help, Becker pointed out that all the characters they’d shown him had a common trait-they were also part of the Kanji language. Instantly the bustle in the room fell silent. The man in charge, a lanky chain-smoker named Morante, turned to Becker in disbelief. â€Å"You mean these symbols have multiple meanings?† Becker nodded. He explained that Kanji was a Japanese writing system based on modified Chinese characters. He’d been giving Mandarin translations because that’s what they’d asked for. â€Å"Jesus Christ.† Morante coughed. â€Å"Let’s try the Kanji.† Like magic, everything fell into place. The cryptographers were duly impressed, but nonetheless, they still made Becker work on the characters out of sequence. â€Å"It’s for your own safety,† Morante said. â€Å"This way, you won’t know what you’re translating.† Becker laughed. Then he noticed nobody else was laughing. When the code finally broke, Becker had no idea what dark secrets he’d helped reveal, but one thing was for certain-the NSA took code-breaking seriously; the check in Becker’s pocket was more than an entire month’s university salary. On his way back out through the series of security check points in the main corridor, Becker’s exit was blocked by a guard hanging up a phone. â€Å"Mr. Becker, wait here, please.† â€Å"What’s the problem?† Becker had not expected the meeting to take so long, and he was running late for his standing Saturday afternoon squash match. The guard shrugged. â€Å"Head of Crypto wants a word. She’s on her way out now.† â€Å"She?† Becker laughed. He had yet to see a female inside the NSA. â€Å"Is that a problem for you?† a woman’s voice asked from behind him. Becker turned and immediately felt himself flush. He eyed the ID card on the woman’s blouse. The head of the NSA’s Cryptography Division was not only a woman, but an attractive woman at that. â€Å"No,† Becker fumbled. â€Å"I just†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Susan Fletcher.† The woman smiled, holding out her slender hand. Becker took it. â€Å"David Becker.† â€Å"Congratulations, Mr. Becker. I hear you did a fine job today. Might I chat with you about it?† Becker hesitated. â€Å"Actually, I’m in a bit of a rush at the moment.† He hoped spurning the world’s most powerful intelligence agency wasn’t a foolish act, but his squash match started in forty-five minutes, and he had a reputation to uphold: David Becker was never late for squash†¦ class maybe, but never squash. â€Å"I’ll be brief.† Susan Fletcher smiled. â€Å"Right this way, please.† Ten minutes later, Becker was in the NSA’s commissary enjoying a popover and cranberry juice with the NSA’s lovely head cryptographer, Susan Fletcher. It quickly became evident to David that the thirty-eight-year-old’s high-ranking position at the NSA was no fluke-she was one of the brightest women he had ever met. As they discussed codes and code-breaking, Becker found himself struggling to keep up-a new and exciting experience for him. An hour later, after Becker had obviously missed his squash match and Susan had blatantly ignored three pages on the intercom, both of them had to laugh. There they were, two highly analytical minds, presumably immune to irrational infatuations-but somehow, while they sat there discussing linguistic morphology and pseudo-random number generators, they felt like a couple of teenagers-everything was fireworks. Susan never did get around to the real reason she’d wanted to speak to David Becker-to offer him a trial post in their Asiatic Cryptography Division. It was clear from the passion with which the young professor spoke about teaching that he would never leave the university. Susan decided not to ruin the mood by talking business. She felt like a schoolgirl all over again; nothing was going to spoil it. And nothing did. Their courtship was slow and romantic-stolen escapes whenever their schedules permitted, long walks through the Georgetown campus, late-night cappuccinos at Merlutti’s, occasional lectures and concerts. Susan found herself laughing more than she’d ever thought possible. It seemed there was nothing David couldn’t twist into a joke. It was a welcome release from the intensity of her post at the NSA. One crisp, autumn afternoon they sat in the bleachers watching Georgetown soccer get pummeled by Rutgers. â€Å"What sport did you say you play?† Susan teased. â€Å"Zucchini?† Becker groaned. â€Å"It’s called squash.† She gave him a dumb look. â€Å"It’s like zucchini,† he explained, â€Å"but the court’s smaller.† Susan pushed him. Georgetown’s left wing sent a corner-kick sailing out of bounds, and a boo went up from the crowd. The defensemen hurried back downfield. â€Å"How about you?† Becker asked. â€Å"Play any sports?† â€Å"I’m a black belt in Stairmaster.† Becker cringed. â€Å"I prefer sports you can win.† Susan smiled. â€Å"Overachiever, are we?† Georgetown’s star defenseman blocked a pass, and there was a communal cheer in the stands. Susan leaned over and whispered in David’s ear. â€Å"Doctor.† He turned and eyed her, lost. â€Å"Doctor,† she repeated. â€Å"Say the first thing that comes to mind.† Becker looked doubtful. â€Å"Word associations?† â€Å"Standard NSA procedure. I need to know who I’m with.† She eyed him sternly. â€Å"Doctor.† Becker shrugged. â€Å"Seuss.† Susan gave him a frown. â€Å"Okay, try this one†¦ ‘kitchen.’ â€Å" He didn’t hesitate. â€Å"Bedroom.† Susan arched her eyebrows coyly. â€Å"Okay, how about this†¦ ‘cat.’ â€Å" â€Å"Gut,† Becker fired back. â€Å"Gut?† â€Å"Yeah. Catgut. Squash racquet string of champions.† â€Å"That’s pleasant.† She groaned. â€Å"Your diagnosis?† Becker inquired. Susan thought a minute. â€Å"You’re a childish, sexually frustrated squash fiend.† Becker shrugged. â€Å"Sounds about right.† It went on like that for weeks. Over dessert at all-night diners Becker would ask endless questions. Where had she learned mathematics? How did she end up at the NSA? How did she get so captivating? Susan blushed and admitted she’d been a late bloomer. Lanky and awkward with braces through her late teens, Susan said her Aunt Clara had once told her God’s apology for Susan’s plainness was to give her brains. A premature apology, Becker thought. Susan explained that her interest in cryptography had started in junior high school. The president of the computer club, a towering eighth grader named Frank Gutmann, typed her a love poem and encrypted it with a number-substitution scheme. Susan begged to know what it said. Frank flirtatiously refused. Susan took the code home and stayed up all night with a flashlight under her covers until she figured out the secret-every number represented a letter. She carefully deciphered the code and watched in wonder as the seemingly random digits turned magically into beautiful poetry. In that instant, she knew she’d fallen in love-codes and cryptography would become her life. Almost twenty years later, after getting her master’s in mathematics from Johns Hopkins and studying number theory on a full scholarship from MIT, she submitted her doctoral thesis, Cryptographic Methods, Protocols, and Algorithms for Manual Applications. Apparently her professor was not the only one who read it; shortly afterward, Susan received a phone call and a plane ticket from the NSA. Everyone in cryptography knew about the NSA; it was home to the best cryptographic minds on the planet. Each spring, as the private-sector firms descended on the brightest new minds in the workforce and offered obscene salaries and stock options, the NSA watched carefully, selected their targets, and then simply stepped in and doubled the best standing offer. What the NSA wanted, the NSA bought. Trembling with anticipation, Susan flew to Washington’s Dulles International Airport where she was met by an NSA driver, who whisked her off to Fort Meade. There were forty-one others who had received the same phone call that year. At twenty-eight, Susan was the youngest. She was also the only female. The visit turned out to be more of a public relations bonanza and a barrage of intelligence testing than an informational session. In the week that followed, Susan and six others where invited back. Although hesitant, Susan returned. The group was immediately separated. They underwent individual polygraph tests, background searches, handwriting analyses, and endless hours of interviews, including taped inquiries into their sexual orientations and practices. When the interviewer asked Susan if she’d ever engaged in sex with animals, she almost walked out, but somehow the mystery carried her through-the prospect of working on the cutting edge of code theory, entering â€Å"The Puzzle Palace,† and becoming a member of the most secretive club in the world-the National Security Agency. Becker sat riveted by her stories. â€Å"They actually asked you if you’d had sex with animals?† Susan shrugged. â€Å"Part of the routine background check.† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Becker fought off a grin. â€Å"What did you say?† She kicked him under the table. â€Å"I told them no!† Then she added, â€Å"And until last night, it was true.† In Susan’s eyes, David was as close to perfect as she could imagine. He only had one unfortunate quality; every time they went out, he insisted on picking up the check. Susan hated seeing him lay down a full day’s salary on dinner for two, but Becker was immovable. Susan learned not to protest, but it still bothered her. I make more money than I know what to do with, she thought. I should be paying. Nonetheless, Susan decided that aside from David’s outdated sense of chivalry, he was ideal. He was compassionate, smart, funny, and best of all, he had a sincere interest in her work. Whether it was during trips to the Smithsonian, bike rides, or burning spaghetti in Susan’s kitchen, David was perpetually curious. Susan answered what questions she could and gave David the general, unclassified overview of the National Security Agency. What David heard enthralled him. Founded by President Truman at 12:01 a.m. on November 4, 1952, the NSA had been the most clandestine intelligence agency in the world for almost fifty years. The NSA’s seven-page inception doctrine laid out a very concise agenda: to protect U.S. government communications and to intercept the communications of foreign powers. The roof of the NSA’s main operations building was littered with over five hundred antennas, including two large radomes that looked like enormous golf balls. The building itself was mammoth-over two million square feet, twice the size of CIA headquarters. Inside were eight million feet of telephone wire and eighty thousand square feet of permanently sealed windows. Susan told David about COMINT, the agency’s global reconnaissance division-a mind-boggling collection of listening posts, satellites, spies, and wiretaps around the globe. Thousands of communiques and conversations were intercepted every day, and they were all sent to the NSA’s analysts for decryption. The FBI, CIA, and U.S. foreign policy advisors all depended on the NSA’s intelligence to make their decisions. Becker was mesmerized. â€Å"And code-breaking? Where do you fit in?† Susan explained how the intercepted transmissions often originated from dangerous governments, hostile factions, and terrorist groups, many of whom were inside U.S. borders. Their communications were usually encoded for secrecy in case they ended up in the wrong hands-which, thanks to COMINT, they usually did. Susan told David her job was to study the codes, break them by hand, and furnish the NSA with the deciphered messages. This was not entirely true. Susan felt a pang of guilt over lying to her new love, but she had no choice. A few years ago it would have been accurate, but things had changed at the NSA. The whole world of cryptography had changed. Susan’s new duties were classified, even to many in the highest echelons of power. â€Å"Codes,† Becker said, fascinated. â€Å"How do you know where to start? I mean†¦ how do you break them?† Susan smiled. â€Å"You of all people should know. It’s like studying a foreign language. At first the text looks like gibberish, but as you learn the rules defining its structure, you can start to extract meaning.† Becker nodded, impressed. He wanted to know more. With Merlutti’s napkins and concert programs as her chalkboard, Susan set out to give her charming new pedagogue a mini course in cryptography. She began with Julius Caesar’s â€Å"perfect square† cipher box. Caesar, she explained, was the first code-writer in history. When his foot-messengers started getting ambushed and his secret communiques stolen, he devised a rudimentary way to encrypt this directives. He rearranged the text of his messages such that the correspondence looked senseless. Of course, it was not. Each message always had a letter-count that was a perfect square-sixteen, twenty-five, one hundred-depending on how much Caesar needed to say. He secretly informed his officers that when a random message arrived, they should transcribe the text into a square grid. If they did, and read top-to-bottom, a secret message would magically appear. Over time Caesar’s concept of rearranging text was adopted by others and modified to become more difficult to break. The pinnacle of non computer-based encryption came during World War II. The Nazis built a baffling encryption machine named Enigma. The device resembled an old-fashioned typewriter with brass interlocking rotors that revolved in intricate ways and shuffled cleartext into confounding arrays of seemingly senseless character groupings. Only by having another Enigma machine, calibrated the exact same way, could the recipient break the code. Becker listened, spellbound. The teacher had become the student. One night, at a university performance of The Nutcracker, Susan gave David his first basic code to break. He sat through the entire intermission, pen in hand, puzzling over the eleven-letter message: HL FKZC VD LDS Finally, just as the lights dimmed for the second half, he got it. To encode, Susan had simply replaced each letter of her message with the letter preceding it in the alphabet. To decrypt the code, all Becker had to do was shift each letter one space forward in the alphabet-â€Å"A† became â€Å"B,† â€Å"B† became â€Å"C,† and so on. He quickly shifted the remaining letters. He never imagined four little syllables could make him so happy: IM GLAD WE MET He quickly scrawled his response and handed it to her: LD SNN Susan read it and beamed. Becker had to laugh; he was thirty-five years-old, and his heart was doing back flips. He’d never been so attracted to a woman in his life. Her delicate European features and soft brown eyes reminded him of an ad for Estee Lauder. If Susan’s body had been lanky and awkward as a teenager, it sure wasn’t now. Somewhere along the way, she had developed a willowy grace-slender and tall with full, firm breasts and a perfectly flat abdomen. David often joked that she was the first swimsuit model he’d ever met with a doctorate in applied mathematics and number theory. As the months passed, they both started to suspect they’d found something that could last a lifetime. They’d been together almost two years when, out of the blue, David proposed to her. It was on a weekend trip to the Smoky Mountains. They were lying on a big canopy bed at Stone Manor. He had no ring-he just blurted it out. That’s what she loved about him-he was so spontaneous. She kissed him long and hard. He took her in his arms and slipped off her nightgown. â€Å"I’ll take that as a yes,† he said, and they made love all night by the warmth of the fire. That magical evening had been six months ago-before David’s unexpected promotion to chairman of the Modern Language Department. Their relationship had been in a downhill slide ever since. How to cite Digital Fortress Chapter 3, Essay examples

Ethics and Sustainability for Allowances -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEthics and Sustainability for Bonuses and Allowances. Answer: Introduction: Equal pay for Equal work is considered as concept which highlights the rights of labor, as workers working in the same workplace must get equal pay. Generally, it is an issue related to sexual discrimination in context of Gender pay gap. Equal pay is considered as complete range of payments and benefits which include basic pay of employee, non-salary payments, and bonuses and allowances. There are number of countries which address this problem in effective manner (Joseph, n.d.). Act related to the equal pay requires that both men and women working at the same workplace must get equal pay for equal work. Jobs done by them must be equal but there is no such requirement which state that job must be identical. If there is any such inequality in wages between the men and women, then employer has no right to reduce the wages of either sex for the purpose of equalize their pay (SMH, 2010). This paper states the regulations, law and business ethics related to the business organization, and it also demonstrates the understanding related to the values adopted by the organization for the purpose of supporting ethical decision making. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Equal pay regulations law: In Australia, laws related to the equal opportunity are operated at the federal and state/territory levels. These laws restrict the treatment which is unfair and unfavorable, with any person in the organization who belongs to any specific group of people or because such person have a specific characteristic or element. Unlawful discrimination at the workplace on the basis of sex of the person is restricted by the federal Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth). Laws related to equal opportunities also provide protection to other type of workers (Huamn rights, n.d.; WGEA, n.d.). Direct discrimination: Organization cannot treat any of its employees of one sex in less favorable manner as compared to other employee of different sex, either in similar situations or in those situations which are not materially different. Therefore, it is important for the organization to identify any existing gender pay gaps and take actions to close these gaps, otherwise organization bear the risk of a claim related to the sex discrimination. This can be understood through example, in direct sex discrimination organization offer higher starting salary to the male graduate but lower starting salary to the female graduate for the similar work. Indirect discrimination: Organizations are under obligation to make sure that they are not imposing any condition, requirement, or practice which is unreasonable in nature. If any gender pay gaps are exists in the organization, then it is necessary to access whether there are any practices exists at the workplace which have uneven on one sex, and whether these practices are reasonable in nature. This can be understood through example, indirect sex discrimination exists when organization impose any such condition in which only full-time employees can take part in the discretionary bonus scheme of the company, and this condition is applicable in those situations when organization has more number of women employees on part-time basis as compared to male employees (FWO, n.d.). General protections: There are numbers of general protections which are introduced by the Fair Work Act 2009 for the purpose of provide protection to the employees, and this includes: Employees get protection from being treated in adverse manner because they exercise or want to exercise any workplace right, such as they want to take benefit of the parental leave. Employees also get protection from the practices of unlawful discrimination. It must be noted that, general protection laws apply in same manner as equal opportunity laws applied to the wide range of workers including other workers also. Organizations must fulfill their duties carefully under the Fair Work Act 2009 while making their decisions. Equal remunerations provisions under the Fair Work act 2009 states, power is imposing under the Fair Work Commission to make any order they consider right against an employer, if they believe that equal remuneration for equal work is not paid in the organization. This can be understood through example; the Fair Work Commission has power to make order for changing the pay rates stated in the awards and enterprise agreements (FWO, n.d.). It must be noted that in case organization fail to comply with the provisions and regulations related to the equal remuneration then Fair Work commission has power to make order which impose penalties on the organization. Requirements related to reporting stated under the Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012 (Cth), organization engaged in non-public sector with more than 100 employees must report to the agency in context of six gender equality indicators. Equal remuneration to both men and women requires that organization must report on whether it frames any formal policy or strategy related to the remuneration. Organization must ensure that they include objectives related to gender pay equity in remuneration policy and strategy. Organization is also under obligation to ensure whether they conduct gender remuneration gap analysis on timely basis and if any issues are identified in this analysis then take appropriate action on the same (Mondaq, 2012). Business ethics related to equal pay: Ethics in business are referred as rules and patterns related to the behavior, and these rules and patters are useful when any job in the organization is conducted by management. Ethics related to business also highlight honesty, trust, respect, and fair treatment in all business relations (Workplace ethics advice, 2011). Business life throws different challenges related to the moral dilemmas such as accepting a holiday gift from the company from which person purchased goods or sell those products to the customers that they actually need instead of those products which include higher commission. Ethics related to work has been increasingly important now a day in the literature of the management and business life. Interest of ethics in business culture can be understood through socioeconomic changes and also changes occurred in the dominant values, principles, norms, etc. related to business management approaches. Ethics related to business and management fields has related to the: Requirements related to the economic, technological, and legal requirements. Responsibility related to environment and society. If there is no obligation related to above areas then optional implementation of moral principles in the organization (Bloom, 2004). Pay is considered as most important cost item for the business organization, and basic source of income for the employees working in the organization. In other words, pay is also known as relationship of exchange between the employer and employee. In this exchange employees sell their skills and time to the employer and in return employer provides compensation to the employees. Generally, this exchange is shaped as per the four alternative norms such as maximization of profit, equity, fairness, and need of employees. Applicable rules for the purpose of determining the pay from the perspective of business ethics changed as peer the characteristics of society. Generally, values and sources related to religious highlight the concept of equity as more effective and efficient approach, and this approach mainly support the equality, contribution, effort, and fairness. Previously, different studies are conducted by the experts and these studies stated that variables of demographic nature (a ge, education, profession, and gender), organizational factors (size of the organization and systematic compensation management system), and organizations social and cultural values directly affects the rules related to pay determination. From ethical point of view, key factor related to the compensation management is the payment of equal remuneration for equal work, and difference in the remuneration related to the value of work (Cascio, 2010). In context of ethical management perspective the main issues related to equal pay are equality of pay at external level. Additionally, remuneration related to the business ethics is sometime not fall under the scope of legal requirements, because it might be possible that some applications may not be legal but they are ethical in nature. From the point of view of business ethics, first stage related to the establishment of compensation management system is development of objectives related to remuneration and specifies structure related to pay, pay system, and duties and responsibilities related to the remuneration. In 1989, Strasbourg Summit introduces special European social cause, and this clause is considered as important clause while developing remuneration objectives and policies. Additionally, in 1999, OECD proposes different policies and these policies are revised, recognized, and adopted worldwide in 2004. These policies specify policies and objectives related to the organization pay. Generally, two questions are asked by the employee in context of compensation, and these questions are related to fundamental rights of the employees. First question states whether payments made by employer to the employees are fair and the second question states in which manner employees can compare their pay to other employees in the enterprise, region, and industry? Above stated questions provide guidance to the organization for establishing objectives and policies in terms of remuneration. Additional aspects in this context are profitability, pay costs, competitiveness, and remuneration which are paid to employees so that employees are able improve their daily live and secure their future. In ethical manner, ideal remuneration related to the objectives and policies satisfy the needs of the employees and motivate them and this is done by complying with the approaches related to the utilitarianism, reliability, integrity, legal compliance, equity, balance, timeliness, objectivity, and clarity (Demir ACAR, 2014). Values adopted by organization for ethical decision making: There are number of approaches which can be adopted by the organization for ensuring ethical decision making in the organization and some of these approaches are stated below: Ethical programs: organizations can implement the program related to the compliance and ethics for the purpose of guiding the decision making and behavior of the employees. It must be noted that for managing the risk in the organization it is necessary to ensure compliance with the regulatory requirements and the organizations own policies. Monitoring and maintenance of compliance are not just to keep the regulators happy, but it is the path through which organizations can maintain its ethical health and promote its values. Programs related to compliance and ethics not only promote values, but it also provides support to the objectives of the business. These programs also set boundaries for organization in context of their legal and ethical behavior. It frame the system which alert the management of the organization whenever organization getting close to cross the legal and ethical boundary (Kidder, n.d.). Whistleblower protection: whistleblower is the person who blow whistle in the ears of the management of the organization. In other words, whistle blower tells the public or the organization authorities about the alleged misconduct occurring in the organization. This alleged misconduct is occurred in different forms such as violation of any law, rule, or regulation, etc. whistle blowers can make their allegation against internal or external management, etc. there are number of organizations which ensure protection of the whistleblowers by establishing accurate framework for this purpose. Role of mangers: another most important aspect in this is the role played by managers in the ethical decision making. Managers must ensure that they are conducted ethical and legal behavior in the organization because if they conduct such behavior it becomes trend of the organization and ensure ethical decision making (Lumen, n.d.). Conclusion: After considering the above facts, it can be said that organization must establish appropriate framework which ensure equal pay to the employees for equal pay. Equal pay is not only the legal compliance but it is also an ethical compliance. It reflects the moral and ethical values of the organization. References: Bloom, M. (2004). The ethics of compensation systems. Journal of Business Ethics, 52(2), 149-152. Cascio, W. F. (2010). Managing human resources (8th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Demir, R. ACAR, A. (2014). Compensation Management System from a Business Ethics Perspective, Turkish Journal of Business entry, Volume 7(1), Pp 133-148. Fair Work Act-2009. FWC. General protections dismissal. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.fwc.gov.au/termination-employment/general-protections-dismissal. FWO. Gender pay equity. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/best-practice-guides/gender-pay-equity. FWO. Protections at work. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/fact-sheets/rights-and-obligations/protections-at-work. Human Rights. Equal Pay Handbook. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/sex_discrim/equal_pay.pdf. Joseph, S. What Are the Benefits of Equal Pay for Women Men?. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-equal-pay-women-men-11771.html. Kidder, E. Ethical Decision Making and Behavior. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/39590_Chapter7.pdf. Lumen. Maintaining Ethical Standards. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-management/chapter/maintaining-ethical-standards/. Mondaq, (2012). General Protections in the Fair Work Act - Best Practice Guide. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/200446/employee+rights+labour+relations/General+Protections+in+the+Fair+Work+Act+Best+Practice+Guide. SMH, (2010). Equal pay is the law, but it is not yet a reality. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/equal-pay-is-the-law-but-it-is-not-yet-a-reality-20100302-pg9m.html. WGEA. Pay equity and legal risk management. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.wgea.gov.au/sites/default/files/Legal-framework-and-pay-equity.pdf. Workplace ethics advice, (2011). Pay Equality in the Workplace. Retrieved on 17th March 2018 from: https://www.workplaceethicsadvice.com/2011/08/this-piece-was-first-posted-on-my-ethics-sage-blog-on-july-28-since-it-has-particular-application-to-workplace-thics-i-wa.html.