Internet Taxation :: Government Political Essays

mesh taxationationShould We Tax the Internet? was written in response to the recent findings of the advisory Commission on Electronic Commerce in the May 2000 issue of The American Spectator. The argument is between the liberals and conservatives on the issue of whether or not to tax Internet purchases. The liberals believe that Internet purchases should be taxed so that state and local tax bases are not eroded because of increasing Internet purchases. On the another(prenominal) end the conservatives believe that Internet purchases should be kept tax-free, since tracking sales are completed and several states are involved with each purchase. George Gilder the author of Should We Tax the Internet? is extremely conservative in his views and is against all taxes. The article aims to convince its readers that Internet taxation is unlawful and should not implemented because of past tax increases results. To marque Gilders arguments he uses word of honor arguments based on fa cts and reasons. Gilder implements his arguments into his article by relating the arguments to different peoples views and things. Gilders main argument is that lower tax rates give more revenue than higher ones (Gilder 3). Through Gilders use of logos arguments, ethos arguments, and unique perspectives he makes an effective argument in favor of not implementing Internet taxes. Gilder starts off by attacking Republicans, which are traditional conservative, by saying that they suffer from the tax-raising itch (Gilder 1). He then moves on to say that two billionaires that he recently talked to are more afraid of a reckless tax cut than war or terrorism. Gilder is starting his argument off by victimization ethos argument by giving perspectives from high profile Silicon Valley cent millionaires. Gilder then goes onto to explain to his audience how taxes in a higher place a certain share do not collect revenue. He does this by saying that there has only been one advance since John Marshall opined that the causality to tax is the power to destroy (Gilder 3). John Marshall made this advance by showing that lower tax rates generate more revenues than higher ones. This is a logos argument, but is a fallacy because higher taxes would lead to higher revenues rather than lower taxes. Gilder then tries to make the argument that no tax rate above 20 percent collects revenue.

A braid of loneliness Essay -- Character Analysis, Rayona, Ida

The most terrible poverty is l onenessliness, and the feeling of being unloved. convey Teresa A Yellow mess hall in Blue Water by Michael Dorris is a novel about Native American, narrated by tercet generations of Indian women Ida the grandmother, Christine the mother, and Rayona. The stories of three people, twisting and tying and blending, effect the twist of their kin. Each of three strands is a complicated composition of hairlines. There is a hairline that all strands have in greens and shape this braid desolation. finished the boloney, loneliness played a crucial part in every characters career. It is the important cause of characters action. It shapes the relationship between mother and daughter. Ultimately, ones loneliness shapes not only that character, but also affects and causes the loneliness in the next generation. The first character who tells her story is Rayona. Being the last generation, she is in the bottom of the well of loneliness. After her parents separ ated, Rayona lives with Christine, her mother, who habitually changes her job and moves to the new place. Consequently, she never stays in any schools long complete to make some friends. Her life with Christine is also bitter. In Rayonas opinion, Christine does not take care of her much. She said I try to recall what Mom says when shes sentimental and lonesome how he was the best one, the only one, because he left her me. How Im her sterling silver lining, the one wholl never leave her same(p) he did. Like she did me. (64) She is thwart by Christines care that exists only in her speech. Lacking of both friends and warm family, Rayona suffered from loneliness. When she goes back to the reservation with Christine to stay with auntie Ida, Chris... ... ease her with the warmth of my body, to certification her with the strength of my arms. But she did not expect this from me, and I did not give it. The loneliness of mother is the unwanted gift. From generation to generation, the ha irlines of loneliness twist and tie the braid of this family. It obstructs the hairline of love. It obstructs the hairline of care. It leads the braid of this family to nowhere. Loneliness is a cell that imprisons mothers love from reaching the daughter, leaves them feeling unloved, and became lonely. This baneful hairline go out perpetually distort the braid until they imbibe. Until they realize that the solution is turning back to face the reality, holding hands and let the truth comes out, then, the three-generation-long loneliness will disappear. The braid will be set in the right shape and tie the family members together with love. A braid of loneliness Essay -- Character Analysis, Rayona, IdaThe most terrible poverty is loneliness, and the feeling of being unloved. Mother Teresa A Yellow Raft in Blue Water by Michael Dorris is a novel about Native American, narrated by three generations of Indian women Ida the grandmother, Christine the mother, and Rayona. T he stories of three people, twisting and tying and blending, fabricate the braid of their relationship. Each of three strands is a complicated composition of hairlines. There is a hairline that all strands have in common and shape this braid loneliness. Through the story, loneliness played a crucial part in every characters life. It is the important cause of characters action. It shapes the relationship between mother and daughter. Ultimately, ones loneliness shapes not only that character, but also affects and causes the loneliness in the next generation. The first character who tells her story is Rayona. Being the last generation, she is in the bottom of the well of loneliness. After her parents separated, Rayona lives with Christine, her mother, who habitually changes her job and moves to the new place. Consequently, she never stays in any schools long enough to make some friends. Her life with Christine is also bitter. In Rayonas opinion, Christine does not take care of her much . She said I try to recall what Mom says when shes sentimental and lonesome how he was the best one, the only one, because he left her me. How Im her sterling silver lining, the one wholl never leave her like he did. Like she did me. (64) She is disappointed by Christines care that exists only in her speech. Lacking of both friends and warm family, Rayona suffered from loneliness. When she goes back to the reservation with Christine to stay with Aunt Ida, Chris... ... ease her with the warmth of my body, to support her with the strength of my arms. But she did not expect this from me, and I did not give it. The loneliness of mother is the unwanted gift. From generation to generation, the hairlines of loneliness twist and tie the braid of this family. It obstructs the hairline of love. It obstructs the hairline of care. It leads the braid of this family to nowhere. Loneliness is a cell that imprisons mothers love from reaching the daughter, leaves them feeling unloved, and became lo nely. This baneful hairline will continuously distort the braid until they realize. Until they realize that the solution is turning back to face the reality, holding hands and let the truth comes out, then, the three-generation-long loneliness will disappear. The braid will be set in the right shape and tie the family members together with love.

The Ubiquitous Media Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Ubiquitous Media The intelligence information media is an ubiquitous presence in our times. Whether it is the switching of a television channel, turning a radio dial, signing on the Internet, or glancing at a newspaper, the media is present. It is a social infrastructure that was created to inform citizens of happenings, but has now become a multi-billion dollar association of corporations and advertising agencies. The real price of the media is incalculable because of how it shapes and molds our views of the world. This influence for the most part is positive and horizon expanding but may have negative connotations. The news media is limitless. It provides for me all the primary factual information I need in order to be an informed citizen. By reading a newspaper or watching the flush news, I gain a wider view of the world. My opinions are formed partly by the news because of the facts given. My viewpoints are not formed entirely by the news media though there is a defin ite difference between believing and simply listening. Some of America tends to be easily inf...

A Comparison of Love According to Browning, Dickinson, Shakespeare and Harris :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Love According to Browning, Dickinson, Shakespe atomic number 18 and HarrisMen and women are very different creatures. We express our emotions differently. Women are typic exclusivelyy arrange to marry, settle down and befuddle children much earlier than men. Men tend to want to experience life before settling. Yet, there is one thing we have in common. In relationships, men and women want to be cacoethesd for the person they are and for the rest of their lives. When people begin dating, they are usually playing the field. few have a strategy for finding their life mate. It is something that happens over time and as you continue to see that person and get to know them, a hold builds that is not easily broken. This is demonstrated in Wild Nights - Wild Nights By Emily Dickinson. Futile - the winds-/ to a heart in port-/ Done with the compass/ Done with the graph (line 5-8). No matter how hard outside forces try to tempt you away, you are finished searching for your true roll i n the hay. You have found it and are holding fast. We are all initially searching for romantic love that will hold fast through a lifetime. Romantic love is defined as love that is unrealistic, fanciful, passionate and fabulous. In Beginning of the Songs of Delight, Papyrus Harris 500 demonstrates fanciful love through apportioned to you is my heart,/ I do for you what it desires,/ when I am in your arms (lines 1-3). In Shakespeares Othello, the Moor and Desdemona declare their love for one another, at the protest of her father and the disbelief of the councilmen (Act I, scene iii). Their romantic love was unrealistic because of their suppurate difference, and fanciful because she was intrigued by the stories of heroism and daring that he imparted to her. Passionate love is, by definition, ruled by unrelenting emotion and marked by intense feelings as is expressed in My body thrives, my heart exults/ At our walking together/ Hearing your voice is pomegranate wine,/ I live by listening it./ Each look with which you look at me/Sustains me more than food and drink (lines 24-29). Love such as this can sustain us through all the joys and challenges life has to offer if it is without condition. Unconditional love endures over time. But love me for loves sake, that evermore/ thou mayst love on, through loves eternity (Browning, 260), speaks of love that is grounded in love alone and will last all forever.

Backpacking: A Different Way Of Camping Essay -- essays research pape

Backpacking A Different Way of CampingWhat is camping? To most people, it is perceived as a time to pack up the car,drive to local camp grounds, and spend the weekend in the swell outdoors. It isa time to frolic with family and friends around a campfire, singing songs,playing games, and cook marshmallows while listening to ghost stories that rump tho be heard while camping. However, to the avid backpacker, camping takeson a different perspective. While experiencing the great outdoors is verysimilar to car camping, backpacking is very different in many respects.Preparation for backpacking and car camping and the locales where one can set upcamp are very different. In either case, experiencing the great outdoors andits natural beauty cannot be surpassed. With car camping the only reallimitation is ones vehicle. A person is limited to the vehicles capacity tocarry or tow. For example, a camper will bring a stove, a dozen man tent, twocoolers of meat and potatoes, five gallons of wa ter, and maybe tow a camper. Onthe other hand, when backpacking, the circumstances are very different. One islimited to his or her own capabilities the amount of weight that can becarried, endurance levels, just to name a few. Provisions must be carefullymeasured. If overloaded, it can usurp performance while hiking to onesdestination, but if not enough provisions are carried it, will impact how longone can last out in the wilderness. The equipment must be minute in size...

MARKET ANALYSIS :: essays research papers

MARKET ANALYSISExcalibur is faced with the exciting opportunity of being the first-mover in the restaurant sport bar market. The consistent popularity of female achievements, combined with the growing interest in female sports, has been proven to be a winning concept in other markets and will produce the same results in capital of Georgia.Market SegmentationWe see Excalibur as appealing to three major market segments. Fortunately, the long, late night hours of operation will help Excalibur lend itself to multiple segment appeal. Our market segmentation scheme allows some room for estimates and nonspecific definitions.1.College Students--By creating an environment that is appealing to college students, we pander a natural progression between the student and the young professional. Through word of mouth, Excalibur expects an increase of five percent annually from this segment. 2.Tourists and Business Travelers--More and more(prenominal) origin and travelers and tourists are find ing themselves in Atlanta every year as is made evident by the increased demand and subsequent expansion of the local anesthetic airport. We plan to reach these people through direct marketing to local hotel patrons. We anticipate a 20% annual growth rate in this segment. As our relationships grow with the local hotels, so too will the word of mouth recommendations from the hotel staff as well as the patronizing of our sports bar by their families and friends. Our next plan is to publish a simple website in order to create awareness to any traveler who wants to take an advanced look at the monastic order before their visit. 3.Young Professionals--Due to our proximity to the downtown and midtown area, we must appeal to female adults. Whether it is a group of friends out to see a movie together or a woman who want to just go out and relax, these people need a place to eat/drink either before and/or after their movie. These customers will range in age from 27 to 40. Excalibur will ap peal to this category by switching the tempo and entertainment to be more appealing to adults as it gets later into the evening. We also anticipate a 15% annual growth rate in tandem with the growth rate of Atlanta and through increased popularity.The following chart and table outline the target market segments for Excalibur, and include annual growth projections.Potential Customers Growth 2002 2003 2004 2005 CAGR Young Professionals 15% 151,800 174,570 200,756 230,869 15.00% College Students 5% 105,000 110,250 115,763 121,551 5.00% Tourists/Business Travelers 20% 120,000 144,000 172,800 207,360 20.

MARKET ANALYSIS :: essays research papers

MARKET ANALYSISExcalibur is faced with the exciting opportunity of being the first-mover in the restaurant sport bar market. The accordant popularity of female achievements, combined with the growing interest in female sports, has been proven to be a winning concept in other markets and will earn the same results in Atlanta.Market SegmentationWe see Excalibur as appealing to three major market segments. Fortunately, the long, late night hours of operation will dish out Excalibur lend itself to multiple segment appeal. Our market segmentation scheme allows some room for estimates and nonspecific definitions.1.College Students--By creating an environment that is appealing to college students, we secure a natural feeler between the student and the young professional. Through word of mouth, Excalibur expects an increase of five percent annually from this segment. 2.Tourists and Business Travelers--More and more business and travelers and tourists are finding themselves in Atlanta ev ery year as is made evident by the increased demand and subsequent expansion of the local airport. We plan to reach these the great unwashed through direct marketing to local hotel patrons. We anticipate a 20% annual growth rate in this segment. As our relationships grow with the local hotels, so too will the word of mouth recommendations from the hotel staff as well as the patronizing of our sports bar by their families and friends. Our future plan is to publish a simple website in order to create awareness to any traveler who demands to take an advanced look at the club before their visit. 3.Young Professionals--Due to our law of proximity to the downtown and midtown area, we must appeal to female adults. Whether it is a group of friends out to see a movie together or a woman who want to just go out and relax, these people need a place to eat/drink either before and/or after their movie. These customers will effigy in age from 27 to 40. Excalibur will appeal to this category by switching the tempo and entertainment to be more appealing to adults as it gets subsequent into the evening. We also anticipate a 15% annual growth rate in tandem with the growth rate of Atlanta and through increased popularity.The interest chart and table outline the target market segments for Excalibur, and include annual growth projections.Potential Customers Growth 2002 2003 2004 2005 CAGR Young Professionals 15% 151,800 174,570 200,756 230,869 15.00% College Students 5% 105,000 110,250 115,763 121,551 5.00% Tourists/Business Travelers 20% 120,000 144,000 172,800 207,360 20.

You Might Want to Do Some Introspection

You might want to do some introspection. For each of the eight intelligences in the Howard Gardner list, think about your own level of talents and performance. For each intelligence, decide if you discombobulate an area of expertise that makes substantial practice of the intelligence. For example, perhaps you are good at music. If so, is music the basis of your vocation? Students preempt also do this figure of introspection, and it preserve become a routine component of PBL lessons.Students can come to understand that they are more naturally gifted in some areas than in some others, but that they have some talent in all of the eight areas identified by Howard Gardner. Curriculum and instruction can be developed to stand by all students make progress in enhancing their talents in each of these eight areas of intelligence. Robert Sternberg Many teachers have provided testimonial evidence that PBL encourages participation on the part of their students who do not have a high level of school smarts. They report that some of their students who were not doing hale in school have become actively engaged and experienced a high level of success in act uponing on projects. These observations are consistent with and supportive of the research of Robert Sternberg. As say earlier in this chapter, distinct researchers have identified different components of intelligence. Sternberg (1988, 1997) focuses on just three main components Practical intelligencethe ability to do well in informal and formal educational settings adapting to and shaping ones environment street smarts.Experiential intelligencethe ability to deal with novel situations the ability to effectively automate shipway of dealing with novel situations so they are easily handled in the future the ability to think in novel ways. Componential intelligencethe ability to process nurture effectively. This includes metacognitive, executive, performance, and knowledge-acquisition components that help to steer cognitive processes. Sternberg provides examples of people who are quite talented in one of these areas but not so talented in the other two.In that sense, his approach to the field of intelligence is somewhat like Howard Gardners. However, you can see that Sternberg does not focus on specific components of intelligence that are aligned with discordant academic disciplines. He is far more concerned with helping people develop components of intelligence that will help them to perform well in some(prenominal) they chose to do. Sternberg strongly believes that intelligence can be increased by study and practice. Quite a bit of his research focuses on such endeavors. Some of Sternbergs work focuses specifically on street smarts versus school smarts. He notes that some people are particularly talented in one of these two areas, and not in the other. This observation is consistent with the work of Lev Vygotsky (Fosnot, 1996) who argues that the type of learning that goes on outside of school is distinctly different than the type of learning that goes on in school. eon some students are talented in both informal and formal education, others are much more successful in one rather than the other. A teacher who is skillful in developing PBL can help students to design projects that are consistent with their learning abilities and interests.David Perkins In his 1992 book, Smart Schools, David Perkins analyzes a number of different educational theories and approaches to education. His analysis is strongly supportive of Gardners theory of multiple intelligences. Perkins book contains extensive research-based evidence that education can be considerably improved by more explicit and appropriate teaching for transfer, focusing on higher-order cognitive skills, and the use of project-based learning. Perkins (1995) examines a large number of research studies both on the bar of IQ and of programs of study designed to increase IQ.He presents detailed arguments that IQ has th ree major components or dimensions. Neural intelligence. This refers to the efficiency and precision of ones neurological system. Experiential intelligence. This refers to ones accrued knowledge and experience in different areas. It can be thought of as the accumulation of all of ones expertises. Reflective intelligence. This refers to ones broad-based strategies for attacking problems, for learning, and for approaching intellectually intriguing tasks. It includes attitudes that support persistence, systemization, and imagination.It includes self-monitoring and self-management. There is substantial evidence to support the belief that a childs neural intelligence can be adversely affected by the mothers use of drugs such as alcohol and cocaine during pregnancy. Lead (such as from lead-based paint) can do severe neural damage to a person. Vitamins, or the lack thereof, can affect neural intelligence. Moreover, there is general agreement that neural intelligence has a use it or lose i t characteristic. It is clear that neural intelligence can be maintained and, indeed, increased, by use.

Basic Prerequisite Skills for the Global Workplace Essay

Outline some of the main issues facing high cultivation in the 21st century. To what accomplishment is higher education an effective means of both obtaining employment and learning the basic prerequisite skills for the global workplace? Higher Education is one of the some important phenomenons in the 21st century. It is undergoing some major transformations and developments which are mainly effected by Globalization. Such as, international education, global capitalism, spread of culture and media, trading and work.Thus, its crucial to interpret the term of Globalization, which becomes a major backdrop of other phenomenon, including high education. Certainly, higher education provides prerequisite skills and higher life opportunities to lot. However, the education system today is facing some challenges. There is over-education and over- supply of educational institution and the change of the global labour market. Higher education provides much chances for people to obtaining jo bs. People who graduated from university are highly employable due to their wealth knowledge, creativity and ability of solving problems.According to the research of Yue et al. (2004) The train of education level has a significantly positive impact on successful job seeking. The higher the education level, the greater the probability of success. Which indicated that higher education make a positive effective to people in job seeking as well as working in a favorable position. The reputation of the higher education institution also has a significant and positive impact on employment. Graduates from key universities have greater employment probabilities than their counterparts from ordinary universities.The employment invest of graduates of public institutions is significantly higher than for private institutions. (Li, 2008, p8) Moreover, a good paper qualification helps you attract the attention of the boss. Employers are preferred to hire a more promising candidate with a better degree than someone whos just out of school, without a pretty diploma. Furthermore,people who studied in university can piss more information about potential employment from universities or collages have apparent advantages both in employment probability and the starting salary. (Spence,1973Stiglitz,1975).

Compare and Contrast about the Village Life and City Life Essay

Sometimes, I esteem about where my own future house should be in a metropolis or in a village. I like to bang in the two beas because they concord many different interesting aspects. Therefore, I cant reconstruct up my mind. After I compare the air, the engineering and the schools of the two areas, I finally make a decision to live in a city.The runner thing I considered was the air. Both people from rural villages and city dwellers breathe the same air. But that is where the similarities end. The air in the village is purer and more serene therefore the air in the city because the village has a dissever of plants and a few vehicles. Although the city which has a lot of business centers or factories would help to break the standard of living, it also causes air pollution. Other reasons which cause air pollution are that the city usually has a lot of vehicles and people in the city cut a lot of plants to make way for commercial, industrial and residential buildings.see moreli ving in the countrysideThen, I pay a lot of attention to the technology. The technology of the village is similar to the technology of the city. People who live in the two areas might have and use many different kinds of technology such as smart phones, Iphones, computers, laptops, etc. However, people who live in the city can have more opportunities to access to new technologies than people who live in the village. For instance, the new products are often sold in large stores of the city first so people in the city may have and use the new products earlier than people in the village.The schools in the two areas have the most influence on my decision. Both the schools in the city and the schools in the village have similar standards of education and have many good teachers. However, the city has many schools which have excellent academic reputation, but it is less commonplace in the village. In addition, the schools in the city have big libraries and a lot of pieces of equipment su ch as many computers, projectors, chemical laboratory equipment, etc. In contrast, the schools in the village usually have small libraries and might not have enough equipment.In a nutshell, after taking everything into consideration, I think I made the right decision. My decision is that my future house will be in a city because I need to have a good and convenient location for my studies in addition, I like to see or buy new products of technology as soon as they are released. Therefore, I believe that I will probably be happier if I live in a city.

Ebusiness

The SSL technology ensures that sensitive information cosmos sent to the sever is secure and has not been altered. through and through encryption, confidential information such as name, address and credit card details cannot be read by anyone other than the authorised party (Is it fail-safe to order online? , 2013). With the help of SSL, it enhances security and users are less prone to encounter phishing attacks. 4 ASOSs e-business system 4. 1 Tangible benefits 4. 1. 1 Enhance client relationship With the use of social networking sites and internet, it increases awareness to large amounts of consumers in a short period of time.ASOS makes full use of this method with blogs, Facebook, Twitter, Youtube to premote its products. With the growing use of internet and social media, ASOS advertises its products and promotions online which increases customer base and brand identity. It also helps customers to give feedback or make complaints which help establish a sthronger relationship bet ween business and consumers. and then social media and internet are priceless resources for ASOS to increase customer base and profits. 4. 1. 2 Improve time management and cost efficiencyAs ASOS uses a pure e-commerce system, customers extremity not move around to select products which show there is a huge gain over physical stores. The costs of products are cheaper compared to physical stores because superfluous manpower is not needed to operate the physical store which mearns ASOS saves on wages and rent for physical stores. Thanks to internet marketing through Facebook or within ASOS website, it is much targeted than traditional media. It is cost efficient and recognized by millions of people. ASOS applies e-commerce systems which improves the efficiency of logistics and inventory management.With the help of e-commerce, order fulfillment is accomplished quickly, more accurately and cost powerfully. There is no need for phone calls to clarify and confirm purchases. This impro ves the efficiency of order fulfilment and improves the speed of delivery which surpasses customer expectations. 4. 2Intangible Benefits 4. 2. 1Improved strategic localisation of fraternity As one of the leading online fashion store, ASOS has gained a competitive advantage in the fashion industry (Greenblat, 2013). ASOS were satisfactory to implement strategic plans antecedent than its competitors and managed to gain a better position in the market.As a pure online retailer, ASOS must focus on maintaining and ensuring their website is constantly updated and managed professionally. In contrary to ASOS, competitors whom are click-and-mortar found have to emphasise more towards maintaining their physical store as well as their website. 4. 2. 2Increasing customer trueness E-commerce businesses can face problems since they are not able to communicate directly with their customers but ASOS has managed to continuously increase customer loyalty by providing excellent customer services to its customers such as ensuring efficient and effective payment and delivery of goods to customers.ASOS also makes sure of the convenience in finding items, comparing and checking them out. Customers who are highly satisfied with the services provided would have increased loyalty and will give positive testimonials and word of mouth to other consumers. 4. 2. 3 Vision, Mission and Strategy ASOSs vision is to create a unique multi-channel obtain experience where twenty-something fashion lovers can network, share ideas, create their own styles and shop together. (Home ASOS Plc. , n. d. ). Conducting their business online plays an important role in achieving their vision. With the advancement of Web 2. , ASOS websites and their participation in social network accounts not only facilitates customers to interact with one another and the company, but also encourages them the share and spread their fashion ideas and knowledge, which relates to their vision. This would then lead to achi eving the companys mission which is to lead the fashion revolution (ASOS Next Generation Pledge, 2010). With the help of the e-business systems, ASOS is able to continue to ensure all participants of the system stay machine-accessible through online network, to continue to share and grow business ideas together, since ASOS is a virtual organization. . e-Business Issues 5. 1 Security and Privacy Issues Security is crucial in every organization. Since ASOS is an online base organization there are various types of attack that they can encounter. Identity theft is one of the main problems faced which prevents consumers purchasing from ASOS. New born sites normally are not trusted by first time online purchasers. To avoid this, ASOS uses Comodo SSL certificate which help in securing online payment system and reduce identity theft. The to the highest degree basic protection against technical attacks is firewalls and antivirus.These basic protections should be implemented in every e-bu siness as even small viruses may cause websites to crash which would subscribe to a significant time to recover. This also affects the reputation of ASOS. In order to have an improved, more efficient and effective security in the long run, ASOS should dress up in security to enhance pproduactivity. 5. 2 Marketing Issues One of the marketing issues ASOS face is trust issues on online shopping. Constant phishing attack on e-commerce sites make customers more aware of the risks of providing personal information online.Therefore, building trust is a crucial key to promoting products online. ASOS iintegrates the latest privacy and security technologies to enhance security online. As ASOS being a pure play organization, it faces a tough competition in the virtual business platform. Today, many organizations perform businesses online. To increase market share, ASOS have to set themselves apart from the competition by being more creative and innovative, such as providing more product or service than other competitors which in repossess attracts more customers. Another way to attract customers is to offer discounts or coupons to hike sales.

When is war justified

To fght back out of self- defense is equit adequate and must be done in order to cling to ones dry land from harm. A well- known example is when America was attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor. America responded to this attack by bombing Japan and pose an end to this engagement. If America had not responded in this way, then how many more casualties would they have suffered? Americas act of self-defense revealed to Japan that they dont want to engage in a war with America and in effect caused Japan to retreat and make peace with America. add-on wars atomic number 18 not Justified because a nation is competitiveness out of political justice rather than self-defense.The general hope of a nation fighting a humanitarian war is that the death and destruction inflicted by the war will be less than the death and destruction from not going to war. However, humanitarian wars usually cause lots of death and destruction which at last causes a nation to look back at themself and wonder, Wa s it worth all the lives we lost in battle? The Vietnam War is a common reminder of a Humanitarian War that caused many eople to look back and wonder if it was worth it. Imagine if you were chosen to fight in the Vietnam War.The thought of losing your life in a war that was fought out of national liberation would be terrifying to most. In the book, The Things They Carried, the chapter On the Rainy River is the perfect examination of a young man who has been drafted to fght in a war that has no clear explanation. The young man wonders how a nation can go to war and sacrifice lives without any undeniable Just cause. The young man, Tim OBrien, thinks aloud to himself and says, It seemed to me that when nation goes to war it must have reasonable confidence in the Justice and imperative of its cause.You cant fix your mistakes. Once people are dead, you cant make them undead. We all know that hundreds of thousands of American soldiers lost their lives in the Vietnam War, but for what ca use? The loss of their lives cannot be justified undeniably, therefore proving the point that Humanitarian Wars are unjust. Throughout history it is clear that the loss of lives in a war is inevitable, but the sacrifice ot lives in a war that is tougnt to protect the nation is always Justified when e look back at it while the same cannot be said of Humanitarian Wars.Jake Petroff reviewed my original essay and provided me lots of feedback that assist me in creating my final draft. He told me that I needed to provide more evidence to back up my argument and I did by providing texts from various pieces of literature. Jake in like manner enhanced my knowledge of the Vietnam War by telling me facts about the war that I didnt know prior to my conversation with him. Thanks to Jakes feedback, I have been able to further my essay and create my final draft.

Describe the problems of living in a newly set up town in the west

In the 19th century, the Americans west was expanding, there were new towns organism established across the frontier. In this essay, I am going to discuss the main problems with these towns in the west.One of the problems was the layout of towns, the west was a vast area, being settled bit by bit, with no overall plan. This meant that the area where new towns were being build was huge but had little organisation. There were little community bonds, this was also because flock didnt trust one an new(prenominal) like others do today, the houses were scattered everywhere and anywhere, this attracted many criminals because they wouldnt have to be close to, in like manner many slew, people felt a greater sense of freedom from this set up, many criminals went there to escape.Another problem was the lack of communication, where that when people sent messages it would take too long for the message to finally model to the recipient and terrible circumstances could concur, at this time t he only way of communicating was to send another someone on a horse to send the message but there were many consequences of what could happen to the letters such as they might not get there for ages over their due date and also they might not get there at all but there was no other way of communicating because the telegram or mobile phones were not invented.There was also a problem with the travel which was very slow and unreliable. The railroads were not built until the 1860s but the main transports towns used were the stage coaches, freight wagons and the mail coaches. There were many reasons why they wanted to build the railroads these were railroads allow better and faster communication, railroads provided jobs on the plains, railroads allowed quick and easy trade with the east.No law and order was a big problem in the West during this time because the West was dominated by a primitive code of honour it was your responsibility to settle things for yourself. Most westerners carr ied guns, if you shot a man in self-defence then you had not scurvy the law, as long as the other man was armed. This attitude lay behind the willingness of big business cattle barons and railroad owners to resort to hysteria. The west was a vast area and transport was very slow. This made it very difficult to enforce law and order, but this was a problem because there were many dominance sources of conflict between the different ethnic groups blacks, Chinese, Europeans, Indians, Mexicans and settlers from the Eastern USA.A big problem was also government the US government was based in Washington. Towns in the West became impatient waiting for the government to make decisions so they took the law into their own hands, this is when people in the American West started to abuse the justice agreement which led to further problems.The violence of the West was a huge problem because there was no efficient police force in the American West. This meant that when violence broke out there was no one to settle it so people settled it for themselves. Almost every man in the West carried a gun. This meant that petty squabble could become much worse with no one to stop these men from using them, for example the man in the hotel when he was dormancy he was snoring, so the man next door came in and shot him. There were deaths because of little petty things like that. Westerners saidGod didnt make people equal, colonel colt did.The colt 45, invented by the colonel was a favourite in the west. It gave men a sense of confidence and of being in charge however with all these people spirit like this, these arguments were frequent.Morality was also a problem this was because the American west towns became sleazy places. Salons, gambling houses and brothels were the main business in towns. This added to the violence because there would be people drunk, they had lost money on bets etc which sparked off more and more rows.

Closing Down the Oconomo Plant Essay

This make is important to the society because it has created employment opportunities to local residents. However, the plant is in the verge of shut down. Jack Ripon , Chief Executive officer of Lamprey Inc. is concerned approximately higher cost of operation which has decreased profit for the company. The plan is to close down the Oconomo plant and urinate a new plant in Mexico. Jack wants Jim Malesckowski, President of Wisconsin Speciality Products Division of Lamprey Inc. o find out about the operational costs of establishing a new plant in Mexico and bias the report to him. Jim thinks that the action to shut down the Oconomo plant might be wrong as foresightful as there were chances to lower the costs.But he as well thinks that Jack is right because all the avenues for kind magnitude costs at the plant collect been closed. Besides money, there be other underlying factors that turn over led the anxiety to bring some exchanges in the company. We get out look at some o f the forces that claim Oconomo plant to anticipate for change,changes that are required to be made, and the reasons why union leaders are loth(p) to change. . What forces for change are evident at the Oconomo plant? The greatest force that drives the company to look for change is its high operational cost.The plant has so high operational costs that the company has been incurring losses instead of making profits. The management is anticipating changes so that the company will make profits in the future. In order for a company to run successfully, it should realize some returns from the investment made at the plant. Having invested in the company, shareholders also expect return for their investment.It is important for the company to make enough money for the satisfaction of shareholders and the founding of the company in the market. By any means, Lamprey Inc. should reduce its operational cost to withstand the barbarian competition in the marketplace. For the compaby to make it in the market, it must change its working conditions so that they fit with the certain market situations, (Daft & Marcic,2010). Another force that is evident for the change at the Oconomo plant is the uncooperative labor union. Workers cast off been consistently refusing to cooperate with the management.The company is planning to reduce the amount of pay its going to fork over to workers. In order to decrease the labor cost, the company is proposing changes but the union leaders have off a deaf ear to the managements plan . Its a great problem when workers are unwilling to listen to the management for possible solution. The situation will get even worsened when the workers are not effect to accept the desired change of the company. Competition in the marketplace is also prominent force that is evident for change in this case.Lately, competitors have threatened Lamprey Inc. from the services and products that they are providing to the society. It has been a challenge for the co mpany to manufacture the quality products and beat the competitors price. While the competiton is being fierce in the marketplace, Lamprey Inc. has been struggling to sustain the operations. If the same situation persists, the company would not have a way to exist in the market. 2. What is the primary symbol of change neededchanging things or changing the people and stopping point?Can the Wisconsin plant be saved by changing things alone, by changing people and culture, or must both be changed? Explain your answer. Primary type of change required in this case is changing people and their culture. If people and their attitudes can be changed, work surroundings will be comfortable and other changes are easy to implement. The attitude of employees especially that of union leaders is not right in the given case. They are disobedient to the management. As long as employees feignt have respect for management, it is hard to bring any other changes.Peoples culture is of great signific ance in the way the company operates because if the culture or people fit in the objectives of the company, rest of things will work accordingly. In changing anything with respect to company, people and culture should be considered at first. If the people working in the company are unhappy with the change, the objectives of change might not be fulfilled. In this particular case, employees are scared of change and in fact dont permit management bring any changes. Such culture is detrimental to the company.Culture should be established in such a way that people are ready to accept the change and welcome the efforts of the management with open heart. Although changing people and their culture is a primary thing, changing things is also important and should be considered for quality and workable plans of the company. Lamprey Inc. needs to bring some change in the products to save its post in the market. If the products are of low quality, the market share of Lamprey Inc. will be direc ted towards the competitors. In this case, the company has not put enough effort to upgrade the quality of the products.If the same situation persists, it will not be able to face the competition in the industry because competitors are developing quality products at affordable price. A company cant operate on just a single type of change. Its important to put into considerateness both changes when designing any type of change in the company. In order to change the products, the entire team of the company should be ready and thus change is required in people of the company. To meet the objectives of the desired strategy, the company should take consideration on both types of changes.

The Main Problems of Lexicography

The main b differents of lexicography The most burning issues of lexicography argon connected with the endurance of head- intelligence services, the arrangement and contents of the expression entry, the principles of sense definitions and the semantic and functional classification of lecture. In the archetypal place it is the line of how far a public descriptive mental lexicon, whether unilingual or bilingual, should admit the historic element. In fact, the term current recitation is disconcertingly e go badic, it may, for instance, be stretched to include all told pass haggle and senses utilise by W.Shakespe are, as he is comm exclusively read, or include exclusively those of the fossilised forges that are kept in almost set expressions or familiar quotations, e. g. shuffled off this mortal coil ( small t protest), where coil means turmoil (of life). For the purpose of a lexicon, which must(prenominal) not be too bulky, selection between scientific and technical ter ms is in like manner a precise inditeised task. It is a baffling point whether a unilingual explanatory dictionary should strive to cover all the lyric of the language, including neologisms, nonce- row, slang, etc. nd note with impartial the true all the quarrel actually theatrical roled by face stack or whether, as the great incline lexicographer of the 18th century Samuel tin canson used to think, it should be preceptive, and ( sideed from the other side) prohibitive. vocabulary-makers should get down to purify and stabilise the incline vocabulary harmonise to the best classical samples and advise the readers on pet usage. A distinctly modern criterion in selection of entries is the frequency of the words to be include. This is specially important for real lines of practical bend in preparing graded elementary textbooks.When the problem of selection is settled, on that point is the question as to which of the selected units behave the right to a give way e ntry and which are to be included chthonian one common head-word. These are, in other words, the questions of separateness and akinness of words. The initiative deals with syntagmatic boundsaries of word-units and has to cipher such questions as whether individually other is a group of both separate words to be treated separately under the head-words each and other, or whether each other is a unit deserving a special entry (compare as well as one another).Need such combinations as boiling point, carbon paper, reciprocation section store, phone box be sub-entered under their constituents? If so, under which of them? Or, perhaps, it will be more(prenominal) than(prenominal) convenient for those who use the dictionary if these were placed as separate main entries consisting of a nominal compound or a phrase. As to the sameness, this deals with paradigmatic boundaries. How m both entries are justified for hound? COD has devil one for the noun, and the other for the verb to quest for (as) with hounds the verb and the noun are thus treated as homonyms. Chamberss Twentieth Century dictionary combines them under one head-word, i. e. it takes them as variants of the same word (hence the term sameness). The problem is even more complicated with variants belonging to the same part of speech. This problem is best illustrated by the pun that has already been discussed elsewhere in this book Mind you, I dont mind minding the children if the children mind me (Understand, I dont object to taking care of the children if the children obey me). Here the dictionary-maker is confronted with the problem of sameness.Should mind be considered one word with several semantic variants, and take one entry? Or is it more convenient to represent it as several words? The deflection in the number of entries for an equal bulk of vocabulary may also depend on a diverse approach to the regularly formed derivatives, like those with -er, -ing, -ness, and -ly. These are conve rtible to grammatical endings in their combining possibilities and semantic regularity. The derivation is so regular, and the message and class of these derivatives are so easy deduced that they are both(prenominal) measures sidered not worth an entry.That is why the definition of the scope of a dictionary is not quite a as simple as it might appear at first sight. in that location exist almost unsurmoun add-in difficulties to a neat statistical military rating. Some publishers state the number of entries in a subtitle, others even claim for the total coverage with the exception of real special terms. It must be remembered, however, that without a generally accepted timeworn for settling the problems of sameness and separateness no nitty-grittyful evaluation of the scope of any particular dictionary is possible.Besides in the case of a alimentation language the vocabulary is not stable, and the attitude of lexicographers to archaisms and neologisms varies. The arrangement o f the vocabulary entry presents many problems, of which the most important are the preeminence and the sequence of various meanings of a polysemantic word. A historic dictionary (the Oxford Dictionary, for instance) is primarily implicated with the schooling of the English vocabulary. It arranges various senses chronologically, first comes the etymology, then the earliest meanings marked by the label obs. obsolete.The etymologies are both comparative or confined to a whizz language. The development is documented by informative quotations, ranging from the oldest to young appearances of the word in question. A descriptive dictionary dealing with current usage has to face its own specific problems. It has to apply a structural point of view and halt precedence to the most important meanings. But how is the most important meaning determined upon? So far each compiler was direct by his own personal p annex. An objective procedure would be to obtain data of statistical counts.B ut run the frequency of contrary meanings of the same word is far more difficult than counting the frequency of its forms. It is consequently not by chance that up to now many counts have been undertaken only for word forms, no matter of meaning. Also, the interdependence of meanings and their relative richness within the semantic body structure of the word do not stick around the same. They change almost incessantly, so that the task of establishing their relative frequency would have to be repeated very often. The constant revisions necessary would make the normalation of dictionaries very expensive.It may also be argued that an arrangement of meanings according to frequency would sometimes conceal the ties and relationship between various elements of the semantic structure. Nevertheless some semantic counts have been achieved and the lexicographers profited by them. Thus, in preparing high-school English dictionaries the staff under chief editor C. L. Barnhart was aided by semantic counts which Dr E. L. Thorndike had made of current standard literature, from childrens books to The Encyclopaedia Britannica. The count according to C.L. Barnhart was of enormous importance in compiling their dictionaries, exactly the lexicographer admits that counts are only one of the criteria necessary for selecting meanings and entries, and that more dictionary secern is contained, namely typical quotations for each meaning. Dictionary evidence normally exists in the form of quotation slips constituting piercing material for word treatment and filed under their appropriate head-words. In editing reinvigorated dictionaries the lexicographers cannot depend only on the scholarly editions such as OED.In order to meet the demands of their readers, they have to sample the teaching of the public for whom the dictionary is meant. This textual reference has to be scrupulously examined, so as to account for new words and meanings making their way into the language. Here a gain some quantitative criteria must be established. If a word or meaning occurs in several different sources over a wide range of magazines and books during a considerable period of time, it may be worth including even into a college dictionary.The preface to The Concise Oxford Dictionary, for instance, states that its authors find that sense development cannot be presented in every word, because obsolete words are as a rule omitted. Only occasionally do they place at the beginning a elevated but still current sense, if it can throw light on the more common senses that follow, or forms the connecting link with the etymology. The etymologies are given throughout, but otherwise the compilers do not seem to keep to any consistent principle and are guided by what they think is the order of logical connection, familiarity or importance.E. L. Thorndike formulates the pursuance principles Other things being equal, literal uses come before figurative, general uses before special, common uses before rare, and easily understandable uses before difficult, and to sum up that arrangement is best for any word which helps the learner most. A synchronic dictionary should also show the distribution of every word. It has been impostally done by labelling words as belonging to a certain part of speech, and by noting some special cases of grammatically or lexically bound meanings.Thus, the word spin is labelled in The Concise Oxford Dictionary as v. t. & i. , which gives a general idea of its distribution its various senses are shown in connection with words that may attend to as subject or object, e. g. 2. (of spider, silkworm, etc. ) make (web, gossamer, cocoon, or abs. ) by extrusion of fine awkward thread 10. spun glass (spun when heated into filaments that remain pliant when cold) spun gold, silver (gold, silver thread prepared for distort ). This technique is gradually being improved upon, and compilers strive to provide more detailed information on these points . The Advanced Learners Dictionary by A. S. Hornby, E. V. Gatenby and H. Wakefield supplies information on the syntactical distribution of each verb. In their Notes on Syntax the compilers state that one who is learning English as a inappropriate language is apt to form sentences by analogy, which at times may lead him into error. For instance, the student must be warned against taking the use of the verb tell in the sentence Please tell me the meaning as a model for the word apologize, because *Please, explain me the meaning would be ungrammatical. For his purpose they provide a table of 25 verb patterns and supply the numerical indications in each verb entry. This gives the student the necessary guidance. Indications are also supplied as to which nouns and which semantic varieties of nouns may be used in the plural. This helps the student to avoid mistakes like *interesting informations. some(prenominal) dictionaries indicate the different stylistic levels to which the words belong colloquial, technical, poetical, rhetorical, archaic, familiar, vulgar or slang, and their expressive colouring emphatic, ironical, diminutive, facetious.This is important, because a mere definition does not show these data. There is always a difference in expression between the dictionary word and its definition. The word digs is a slang word but its definition lodgings is not. Giving these data modern dictionary-makers strive to indicate the nature of the context in which the word may occur. The problem is also relevant for bilingual dictionaries and is carefully presented in the bran-new English-Russian Dictionary change by I. R. Galperin. A third group of lexicographic problems is the problem of definitions in a unilingual dictionary.The explanation of meaning may be achieved by a group of synonyms which together give a fairly general idea but one synonym is never sufficient for the purpose, because no absolute synonyms exist. Besides, if synonyms are the only charact er reference of explanation used, the reader will be placed in a vicious banding of synonymic references, with not a single word actually explained. Definitions serve the purpose some(prenominal) better. These are of two main types. If they are only concerned with words as speech material, the definition is called linguistic. If they are concerned with things for which the words are names, they are termed encyclopaedic.the Statesn dictionaries are for the most part traditionally encyclopaedic, which accounts for so much precaution paid to graphic illustration. They furnish their readers with far more information about facts and things than their British counterparts, which are more linguistic and more fundamentally occupied with purely lexical data (as contrasted to r e a 1 i a), with the grammatical properties of words, their components, their stylistic features, etc. Opinions differ upon the optimum proportion of linguistic and encyclopaedic material.Very interesting considera tions on this subject are due to Alf Sommerfeldt. He thinks that definitions must be based on the fact that the meanings of words render complex notions which may be analysed (cf. componental analysis) into several elements rendered by other words. He emphasises, for instance, that the word pedestrian is more aptly defined as a person who goes or travels on foot than as one who goes or travels on foot. The remark appears valuable, because a definition of this type shows the lexico-grammatical type to which the word belongs and consequently its distribution.It also helps to reveal the system of the vocabulary. Much too often, however, one sees in dictionaries no attention paid to the difference in distribution between the defined and the defining word. The meaning of the word may be also explained by examples, i. e. contextually. The term and its definition are here fused. For example, sloping is explained by the following context where only this term can occur A square has two diag onals, and each of them divides the square into two right-angled isosceles triangles. Very often this type can be changed into a standard form, i. . A diagonal is one of the two lines , etc. One more problem is the problem of whether all entries should be defined or whether it is possible to have the so-called run-ons for derivative words in which the root-form is readily recognised (such as absolutely or resolutely). In fact, whereas resolutely may be conveniently given as a -ly run-on after resolute, there is a meaning problem for absolutely. One must take into consideration that in colloquial speech absolutely means quite so, yes which cannot be deduced from the meaning of the corresponding adjective.HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN LEXICOGRAPHY Although, as we have seen from the forward paragraph, there is as yet no coherent doctrine in English lexicography, its richness and mannequin are everywhere admitted and appreciated. Its history is in its way one of the most remarkable developments in linguistics, and is thereof worthy of special attention. In the following pages a short outline of its various phases is given. A need for a dictionary or glossary has been felt in the cultural growth of many train peoples at a fairly early period.The history of dictionary-making for the English language goes as far hold up as the aging English period where its first jots are found in the form of glosses of spectral books with interlinear translation from Latin. Regular bilingual English-Latin dictionaries were already in existence in the 15th century. The unilingual dictionary is a comparatively recent type. The first unilingual English dictionary, explaining words by English equivalents, appeared in 1604. It was meant to explain difficult words occurring in books.Its title was A Table Alphabeticall, containing and teaching the true writing and reason of hard usuall English words borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke, Latine or French. The little v olume of 120 pages explaining about 3000 words was compiled by one Robert Cawdrey, a schoolmaster. Other books followed, each longer than the preceding one. The first attempt at a dictionary including all the words of the language, not only the difficult ones, was made by Nathaniel Bailey who in 1721 published the first edition of his Universal Etymological English Dictionary.He was the first to include orthoepy and etymology. Big explanatory dictionaries were created in France and Italy before they appeared for the English language. Learned academies on the continent had been established to preserves the purity of their respective languages. This was also the purpose of Dr Samuel Johnsons famous Dictionary published in 1755. 1 The idea of purity involved a tendency to oppose change, and S. Johnsons Dictionary was meant to establish the English language in its classical form, to preserve it in all its glory as used by J. Dryden, A.Pope, J. Addison and their contemporaries. In confor mity with the social order of his time, S. Johnson attempted to fix and regulate English. This was the period of much discussion about the necessity of purifying and fixing English, and S. Johnson wrote that every change was undesirable, even a change for the best. When his discipline was accomplished, however, he had to admit he had been wrong and confessed in his preface that no dictionary of a living tongue can ever be perfect, since while it is hastening to publication, some words are budding and some falling away.The most important innovation of S. Johnsons Dictionary was the introduction of illustrations of the meanings of the words by examples from the best writers, as had been done before him in the dictionary of the French Academy. Since then such illustrations have become a sine qua non in lexicography S. Johnson, however, only mentioned the authors and never gave any specific references for his quotations. Most likely he reproduced some of his quotations from memory, no t always very exactly, which would have been unthinkable in modern lexicology.The definitions he gave were often very ingenious. He was called a skilful definer, but sometimes he preferred to give way to sarcasm or humour and did not hesitate to be partial in his definitions. The denomination he gave to lexicographer, for instance, is famous even in our time a lexicographer was a writer of dictionaries, a benign drudge . The dictionary dealt with separate words only, almost no set expressions were entered. Pronunciation was not marked, because S.Johnson was keenly aware of the wide variety of the English pronunciation and thought it impossible to set up a standard there he paid attention only to those aspects of vocabulary where he believed he could improve linguistic usage. S. Johnsons influence was tremendous. He remained the unquestionable authority on style and diction for more than 75 years. The result was a lofty bookish style which received the name of Johnsonian or Johnso nese. As to pronunciation, attention was turned to it somewhat later. A pronouncing dictionary that must be mentioned first was published in 1780 by Thomas Sheridan, grandfather of the great dramatist.In 1791 appeared The Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English language by John Walker, an actor. The vogue of this second dictionary was very great, and in later publications Walkers pronunciations were inserted into S. Johnsons text a further step to a unilingual dictionary in its present-day form. The Golden Age of English lexicography began in the last quarter of the 19th century when the English Philological Society started work on compiling what is now known as The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), but was firstly named New English Dictionary on Historical Principles.It is still occasionally referred to as NED. The purpose of this monumental work is to trace the development of English words from their form in Old English, and if they were not found in Old Eng lish, to show when they were introduced into the language, and also to show the development of each meaning and its historical relation to other meanings of the same word. For words and meanings which have become obsolete the date of the latest occurrence is given. All this is done by means of dated quotations ranging from the oldest to recent appearances of the words in question.The English of G. Chaucer, of the Bible and of W. Shakespeare is given as much attention as that of the most modern authors. The dictionary includes spellings, pronunciations and detailed etymologies. The completion of the work required more than 75 years. The result is a kind of encyclopaedia of language used not only for reference purposes but also as a basis for lexicological research. The lexicographic concept here is very different from the prescriptive tradition of Dr S. Johnson the lexicographer is the objective recorder of the language.The purpose of OED, as stated by its editors, has nothing to do with prescription or proscription of any kind. The conception of this new type of dictionary was born in a discussion at the English Philological Society. It was suggested by Frederick Furnivall, later its second titular editor, to Richard Trench, the author of the first book on lexicology of the English language. Richard Trench read before the society his paper On Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, and that was how the big enterprise was started.At once the Philological Society set to work to gather the material, volunteers offered to help by collecting quotations. Dictionary-making became a sort of national enterprise. A special citizens committee prepared a list of books to be read and assigned them to the volunteers, sending them also special standard slips for quotations. By 1881 the number of readers was 800, and they sent in many thousands of slips. The tremendous amount of work done by these volunteers testifies to the keen interest the English take in their lan guage.The first part of the Dictionary appeared in 1884 and the last in 1928. Later it was issued in twelve volumes and in order to accommodate new words a three volume Supplement was issued in 1933. These volumes were revised in the seventies. Nearly all the material of the original Supplement was retained and a large body of the most recent accessions to the English language added. The principles, structure and scope of The Oxford English Dictionary, its merits and demerits are discussed in the most comprehensive treaty by L. V. Malakhovsky. Its prestige is enormous.It is considered superior to corresponding major dictionaries for other languages. The Oxford University Press published different abridged versions. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles formerly appeared in two volumes, now printed on thinner paper it is bound in one volume of 2,538 pages. It differs from the complete edition in that it contains a smaller number of quotations. It keeps to all the main principles of historical presentation and covers not only the current literary and colloquial English but also its previous stages.Words are defined and illustrated with key quotations. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English was first published in 1911, i. e. before the work on the main version was completed. It is not a historical dictionary but one of current usage. A still shorter form is The Pocket Oxford Dictionary. some other big dictionary, also created by joined effort of enthusiasts, is Joseph Wrights English Dialect Dictionary. in the first place this dictionary could be started upon, a thorough study of English dialects had to be completed.With this aim in view W. W. Skeat, famous for his Etymological English Dictionary founded the English Dialect Society as far sand as 1873. Dialects are of great importance for the historical study of the language. In the 19th century they were very pronounced though now they are almost disappearing. The Society ex isted till 1896 and issued 80 publications, mostly monographs. strangely enough, the first American dictionary of the English language was compiled by a man whose name was also Samuel Johnson. Samuel Johnson Jr. a Connecticut schoolmaster, published in 1798 a small book entitled A School Dictionary. This book was followed in 1800 by another dictionary by the same author, which showed already some signs of Americanisation. It included, for instance, words like tomahawk and wampum, borrowed into English from the Indian languages. It was Noah Webster, universally considered to be the father of American lexicography, who emphatically broke away from English idiom, and embodied in his book the specifically American usage of his time.His great work, The American Dictionary of the English run-in, appeared in two volumes in 1828 and later prolong numerous revised and enlarged editions. In many respects N. Webster follows the lead of Dr S. Johnson (the British lexicographer). But he has a lso improved and corrected many of S. Johnsons etymologies and his definitions are often more exact. N. Webster attempted to modify the spelling and pronunciation that were current in the USA of the period. He given many years to the appealingness of words and the preparation of more accurate definitions. N.Webster realised the importance of language for the development of a nation, and devoted his energy to giving the American English the status of an independent language, distinct from British English. At that time the idea was progressive as it helped the unification of separate states into one federation. The tendency became reactionary later on, when some modern linguists like H. Mencken shaped it into the theory of a separate American language, not only different from British English, but surpassing it in efficiency and therefore deserving to dominate and supersede all the languages of the land.Even if we keep within purely linguistic or purely lexical concepts, we shall r eadily see that the difference is not so great as to warrant American English the rank of a separate language, not a variant of English (see p. 265). The set of morphemes is the same. Some words have acquired a new meaning on American soil and this meaning has or has not penetrated into British English. Other words kept their earlier meanings that are obsolete and not used in Great Britain. As polish progressed different names were given to new inventions on either side of the Atlantic. Words were borrowed from different Indian languages and from Spanish.All these had to be recorded in a dictionary and so accounted for the existence of specific American lexicography. The world of today with its ever-growing efficiency and intensity of communication and personal contacts, with its press, radio and television creates conditions which tend to foster not an isolation of dialects and variants but, on the contrary, their mutual penetration and integration. Later on, the title Internation al Dictionary of the English Language was adopted, and in the latest edition not Americanisms but words not used in America (Britishisms) are marked off.N. Websters dictionary enjoyed great favouriteity from its first editions. This popularity was due not only to the accuracy and clarity of definitions but also to the richness of additional information of encyclopaedic character, which had become a tradition in American lexicography. As a dictionary N. Websters book aims to treat the entire vocabulary of the language providing definitions, pronunciation and etymology. As an encyclopaedia it gives explanations about things named, including scientific and technical subjects.It does so more curtly than a full-scale encyclopaedia, but it is worthy of note that the definitions are as a rule streetwise and rigorous scientifically. Soon after N. Websters death two printers and booksellers of Massachusetts, George and Charles Merriam, secured the rights of his dictionary from his family and started the publication of revised single volume editions under the name Merriam-Webster. The staff working for the modern editions is a big institution total hundreds of specialists in different branches of human activity.It is important to note that the name Webster may be attached for promotional materials sake by anyone to any dictionary. Many publishers concerned with their profits have taken this chance to issue dictionaries called Websters. Some of the books so named are cheaply-made reprints of old editions, others are said to be on the whole new works. The practice of advertising by coupling N. Websters name to a dictionary which has no connection with him, continues up to the present day. A complete revision of N. Websters dictionary is achieved with a certain degree of regularity.The recent Websters Third New International Dictionary of the English Language has called forwards much comment, both favourable and unfavourable. It has been greatly changed as compared with the previous edition, in word selection as well as in other matters. The emphasis is on the present-day state of the language. The number of illustrative quotations is increased. To accommodate the great number of new words and meanings without increasing the bulk of the volume, the editors excluded much encyclopaedic material.The other great American dictionaries are the Century Dictionary, first completed in 1891 Funk and Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary, first completed in 1895 the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, completed in 1967 The Heritage Illustrated Dictionary of the English Language, first published in 1969, and C. L. Barnharts et al. The World Book Dictionary presenting a synchronic review of the language in the 20th century. The first three continue to appear in variously named subsequent editions including abridged versions.Many small handy popular dictionaries for office, school and home use are prepared to meet the demand in reference books on s pelling, pronunciation, meaning and usage. An adequate idea of the dictionaries cannot be formed from a mere description and it is no surrogate for actually using them. To conclude we would like to mention that for a specialist in linguistics and a teacher of foreign languages systematic work with a good dictionary in conjunction with his reading is an absolute necessity.

The Turn of the Screw by Henry James

atomic number 1 jam is well-known for crafting fine literature. One special short piece, The human action of the Screw, taps into a topic that received great acclaim in the era it was create ghosts. It was initially released at the tail-end of the 19th century, and followed up with 20th century critical essays regarding this saga. Turn of the Screw was foremost released when au indeedtic ghost-sighting incidents were so common that they became coffee-table discussion. My focus is, in fact, on the subject of ghosts.After reading Jamess work, I believe that the governess and her ghost incidents were actually a figment of her imagination, based largely on her rickety mental health. I bequeath offer my reflections as to why our governess was tripped-up and tricked into believing she saw phantoms. The main driveway of her disillusionment came from her mental illness. The hi story behind The Turn of the Screw is woven to the argument between the shadow-believers and the non-appar ition traditionalists. The phenomenological spirit-hunter disputation has been wide spread, til now in this day and age of the 21st century.In order to stay accepted to Henry James, it is important to define what I mean by apparition and non-apparition. According to Jamess time periodwhich I will be true to in my assessmentI will clarify that an apparition refers to explanations in which ghosts be seen to be very real figures or a materialization of paranormal activity existing in a persons field of vision. Non-apparition, instead, infers that the explanations in which ghosts be viewed are actually hallucinations of the mind. This is the standard terminology used in The Turn of the Screw.From the beginning, although James has a jailed means of expressing himself through story-telling, one major criticism is that the stories he creates are too far-fetched. He misses tabu on incorporating the essence of reality into his story, which immediately sends reads on a downward spiral away from realism. The story does not tell about life and the journals of the governess. Instead the governess and the supporting characters (which includes ghost figments) are not multitude wed easily associate with in life.James has a focus in his novella, but the thematic structure is too narrow in the sense that he ignores incorporating daily-life experience and covertground structure some(prenominal) in characterization and scenery. Readers cannot truly take his account as a subject of realism. When we look at his characters and plot-structure, it becomes clear that James excluded huge segments of society. He was not concerned with low-class families or even the center class. He wrote of nothing in regards to the common man.Instead, his interest lie solely in envisioning a class of people devoted to the luxuries of high class status. So, in order to follow along with Henry James, we must pay a ticket, so-to-speak, to enter his special world of an elite cast from an opposite major planet of thinking. First, we must agree to the boundaries of his world. Then, and only then, can we consider him to be a realist. However, its important to load out that James is true to his characters. He never violates the laws of his reality. His is, in effect, a faithful storyteller and his characters are always understandable.Robert Lee Wolff, for instance, in his published piece, The Genesis of The Turn of the Screw, points out that there were many skeptics who matte up that readers who believed in this supernatural tale were, in effect, caught in the trap of Henry James. It was viewed as a dusty artistic calculation on the part of its highly entertained author (Wolff p. 125). As we look at the governess in the first few turns of the story, we see how James very deliberately and carefully sets up the machinery where the governess first witnesses the ghosts.The governess believes in these ghost-incidents but refuses to investigate the situation. Its difficult to beli eve our governess would not be shaken by curiosity in hopes of validating her visions. Its also apparent that the governess takes a liking to her employer and she wants him to go on these walks with her, in hopes of them both seeing the ghosts. But she does not. This is very uncharacteristic of a mentally stable person. James leaves room for the reader to decide whether or not its her infatuation or psychotic visions that has a hold of her.It seems, to me, that her imagination, along with her mental fragility, are the keys that haul her to imagine the ghosts, instead of actually seeing them. To back up my claim, Francis Roellinger cites the following, If James emphasized the artistic limitations of the recorded and arrested ghosts, it is chiefly to make clear to the reader his reasons for ignoring these limitations in the construction of his own phantoms (Roellinger 135). With working with children during the day, the governess discovers the magic within the childrenand their own i ndividual gravity toward curiosity and find the truth of situations.Yet, her state of mind seems to cloud her vision. This further strengthens my plea that these ghosts were actually figments of her imagination. The governess does spend time discussing these apparition sightings with Mrs. Grose. They learn that the man died after falling on the ice after a drunken evening at a tavern. The history of recent dead individuals includes the previous governess who died last year. Are these dead the ghosts she sees? We then discover that the children know of these ghosts, but are hiding this information from the adults.James has a spine-tingling means of crafting his story, except the believability fall short with his lack of realism and superficial details. Later, other critics saw his work missing realistic integrity. Robert Lee Wolff added that Henry James created a governess that certainly suffered from mental illness. Wolff wrote, the tortured forms and expressions, are conclusio n positive that he regards the governess, who sees the ghosts and tells the story, as a neurotic, suffering from sex repression (Wolff p. 126).Another critic, in the same published essay by Wolff, was cited as locating several situations that carried Freudian significance, which integrated our governesss final paedophile passion for the young boy. The governess, in the end, scares him out-of-his-mind, frightening him to death. In reading a story so hard laced with ghost appearances, how is it that the governess is such a stoic in regards to keeping her fear-factor at bay? This dubiousness brings to mind the notion that our governess might have some secret proclivity for fear or even pain.How else could she perpetuate her relations with the young boy child to the point of utter contempt regarding sexual desire? The situation weighs too heavily in favor of the governesss mental instability being a driving force that leads her to imagine that she sees these ghosts. As we consider it deeper, her illness can be paralleled to imagining some of the scenes where children match to herare chatting with an apparition. On top of this, her solitude and lack of having a lover or partner in her life further distresses her situation.In essence, we can view this entire tale as a bout of good versus evilnot paranormal reality. The governess could also be considered a person who created this ghost scenario upon irreproachable children, which would be an extremely neurotic tendency on her part. She feels so alone and, when the children are in self-reliance with the ghosts, she creates a scenario, through her excessive imagination that holds little remorse for the repercussions that might occur to the children or other characters in the story.In conclusion, its clear that this is a story of a mentally unstable charwoman who uses her neuroses to create this universe of ghosts. Its her means of communicating with others, after her younger years did not lead her to love. She i s a deeply unstable individual, flawed with ruin. She is not the type of person who would be able to volume with these spine-tingling events with the conviction she displayed. This character trait in the governess along with other unrealistic situations in the story, offer no other solution than to consider it as a purely fabricated and imaginary chain of events.

Supply Network Design

Supply Ne devilrk Design The Supply Network Perspective A proviso mesh perspective means setting an operation in the context of all the trading operations with which it interacts, close to of which ar its suppliers and its nodes. Materials, locomote, separate information, ideas and some quantifys people all flow through the meshing of customer-supplier relation stations organize by all these operations. On its supply side an operation has its suppliers of spokespersons, or information, or run. These suppliers themselves flip their take in suppliers who in turn could also shake up suppliers, and so on.On the demand side the operation has customers. These customers might not be the final consumers of the operations products or services they might have their admit set of customers. On the supply side is a group of operations that takely supply the operation these ar much called first-tier suppliers. They be supplied by second-tier suppliers. However, some second -tier suppliers whitethorn also supply an operation directly, thus missing out a link in the profits. Similarly, on the demand side of the network, first-tier customers atomic number 18 the main customer group for the operation.These in turn supply second-tier customers, although again the operation may at times supply second-tier customers directly. The suppliers and customers who have direct contact with an operation ar called its immediate supply network, whereas all the operations which form the network of suppliers suppliers and customers customers, etcetera , ar called the total supply network. Homeware manufacturer supplies some of its basic products to completesalers which supply retail outlets. However, it also supplies some retailers directly with made-to-order products.Along with the flow of goods in the network from suppliers to customers, severally link in the network im affair impart back orders and information to its suppliers. When stocks run low, the retail ers will place orders with the wholesaler or directly with the manufacturer. The wholesaler will likewise place orders with the manufacturer, which will in turn place orders with its suppliers, which will replenish their take in stocks from their suppliers. It is a two- manner process with goods flowing one way and information flowing the other. It is not wholly manufacturers that are part of a supply network.The second (service) operation, an operation which sleep togethers an enclosed shopping mall, also has suppliers and customers that themselves have their own suppliers and customers. Figure 6. 2 shows the supply network for an operation which manages an enclosed shopping mall. Why consider the whole supply network? in that billet are three important reasons for taking a supply network perspective It helps an understanding of militantness. Immediate customers and immediate suppliers, quite understandably, are the main concern to competitively disposed(p) companies.Yet somet imes they occupy to look beyond these immediate contacts to understand why customers and suppliers act as they do. both operation has only two options if it wants to understand its ultimate customers needs at the end of the network. It move depone on all the intermediate customers and customers customers, etc. , which form the links in the network between the gild and its end-customers. Alternatively, it can look beyond its immediate customer and suppliers. Relying on ones immediate network is seen as set too much faith in someone elses judgment of things which are central to an organizations own competitive health. It helps identify significant links in the network. The key to understanding supply networks lies in identifying the parts of the network which carry to those performance objectives surveyd by end-customers. Any analysis of networks must start, on that pointfore, by understanding the downriver end of the network. afterward this, the upstream parts of the netw ork which contri only ife most to end-customer service will need to be identified. just now they will not be equally significant. For example, the important end-customers for domestic plumbing parts and appliances are the installers and service companies that deal directly with domestic consumers.They are supplied by stock holders which must have all parts in stock and deliver them fast. Suppliers of parts to the stock holders can best contribute to their end-customers competitiveness partly by offering a short deli genuinely(prenominal) lead time but mainly through dependable delivery. The key players in this example are the stock holders. The best way of winning end-customer business in this case is to give the stock holder prompt delivery which helps watch personifys down while providing high availability of parts. It helps focus on long-term issues. There are times when circumstances render parts of a supply network weaker than its adjacent links.A major simple machine bre akdown, for example, or a labour dispute might disrupt a whole network. Should its immediate customers and suppliers exercise the weakness to enhance their own competitive position, or should they tolerate the problems, and hope the customer or supplier will eventually recover? A long-term supply-network view would be to weigh the relative advantages to be gained from assisting or replacing the weak link. Design finishs in supply networks The supply-network view is useful because it prompts three especially important shape decisions.These are the most strategic of all the design decisions treated in this part of the book. It is necessary to understand them at this foreland, however, because, as well as having a particularly significant dissemble on the strategy of the organization, they set the context in which all other process design decisions are made. The three decisions are 1- How should the network be configured? This means, first, how can an operation influence the shape which the network might take? Second, how much of the network should the operation own? This may be called the outsourcing, vertical integrating or do-or-buy decision. 2- Where should each part of the network be stationd? If the groundwork ware caller-out piddles a new factory, should it be close to its suppliers or close to its customers, or somewhere in between? This decision is called the operations location decision. 3-What physical capacity should each part of the network have? How large should the home war factory be? Should it carry in large-capacity steps or small ones? These types of decisions are called long-term capacity management decisions. Note that all three of these decisions rely on assumptions regarding the level of future demand. The tack to this chapter explores forecasting in more detailDeciding whether to outsource Although the effect of outsourcing on the operations performance objective is important, there are other factors that companies take into ac count when deciding if outsourcing an employment is a sensible option. For example, if an activity has long-term strategic immensity to a company, it is unlikely to outsource it. For example, a retailer might choose to carry on the design and development of its web lay in-house even though specialists could perform the activity at less cost because it plans to move into web-based retailing at some point in the future.Nor would a company usually outsource an activity where it had specialized skills or knowledge. For example, a company qualification laser printers may have make up specialized knowledge in the production of sophisticated laser drives. This capability may pass on it to introduce product or process innovations in the future. It would be foolish to give away such capability. After these two more strategic factors have been considered the companys operations performance can be taken into account.Obviously if its operations performance is already too superior to any potential supplier, it would be unlikely to outsource the activity. But also even if its performance was currently below that of potential suppliers, it may not outsource the activity if it feels that it could significantly improve its performance. Figure 6. 3 illustrates this decision logic. Outsourcing and offshoring Two supply network strategies that are often confused are those of outsourcing and off-shoring Outsourcing means deciding to buy-in products or services rather than perform the activities in-house.Off-shoring means restraining products and services from operations that are based outside ones own country. Of course, one may both outsource and shoreward as illustrated in Figure 6. 4. Offshoring is very closely related to outsourcing and the motives for each may be similar. Offshoring to a lower-cost region of the world is usually done to reduce an operations overall cost as is outsourcing to a supplier that has greater expertise or scale or both. Critical commentary I n many Instances there has been fierce opposition to companies outsourcing some off their processes.Trade unions often point out that the only reason that outsourcing companies can do the job at lower cost is that they either reduce salaries or reduce working conditions, or both. Furthermore, they say, flexibility is only achieved by reducing job security. Employees who were once part of a large and secure corporation could find themselves as far less secure employees of a less benevolent employer with a philosophy of permanent cost-cutting. Even some proponents of outsourcing are quick to point out the problems.There can be significant obstacles, including understandable resistance from staff who find themselves outsourced. Some companies have also been guilty of outsourcing a Problem . In other words, having failed to manage a process well themselves, they ship it out rather than face up to why the process was problematic in the first place. There is also evidence that, although l ong-term costs can be brought down when a process is outsourced, there may be an initial period when costs rise as both sides learn how to manage the new arrangement. The repair of capacity It was reputedly Lord Sieff, one-time boss of Marks and Spencer, the UK-based retail organization, who said, There are three important things in retailing location, location and location, and any retailing operation knows exactly what he meant. Get the location wrong and it can have a significant impact on profits, or service. For example, misallocating a fire service station can slow down the average journey time of the fire crews in getting to the fires locating a factory where there is difficulty tempting labour with usurp skills will affect the effectiveness of the factorys operations. view decisions will usually have an effect on an operations costs as well as its ability to serve its customers (and consequently its taxs). Also, location decisions, once taken, are difficult to undo. Th e costs of moving an operation can be hugely expensive and the risks of inconveniencing customers very high. No operation wants to move very often. Reasons for location decisions Not all operations can logically justify their location. Some are where they are for historical reasons. Yet even the operations that are there because theyre there are implicitly making a decision not to move.Presumably their assumption is that the cost and disruption involved in changing location would outweigh any potential benefits of a new location. Two stimuli often cause organizations to change locations changes in demand for their goods and services, and changes in supply of their inputs. Changes in demand A change in location may be prompted by customer demand shifting. For example, as garment manufacture moved to Asia, suppliers of zips, threads, etc. started to draw them. Changes in the volume of demand can also prompt relocation.To meet higher demand, an operation could expand its existing site , or choose a larger site in another location, or keep its existing location and find a second location for an additional operation the last two options will involve a location decision. High-visibility operations may not have the choice of expanding on the same site to meet rising demand. A dry cleaning service may attract only marginally more business by expanding an existing site because it offers a local, and therefore convenient, service. finding a new location for an additional operation is probably its only option for expansion.Changes in supply. The other stimulus for relocation is changes in the cost, or availability, of the supply of inputs to the operation. For example, a mining or oil company will need to move as the minerals it is extracting become depleted. A manufacturing company might choose to relocate its operations to a part of the world where labour costs are low, because the equivalent resources (people) in its true location have become relatively expensive. Sometimes a business might choose to relocate to release funds if the value of the land it occupies is worth more than an alternative, equally good, location.The objectives of the location decision The discipline of the location decision is to achieve an appropriate balance between three related objectives The Spatially protean costs the operation (spatially variable means that something changes with geographical location) the service the operation is able to provide to its customers the tax income potential of the operation. In for-profit organizations the last two objectives are related. The assumption is that the better the service the operation can provide to its customers, the better will be its potential to attract custom and therefore generate revenue.In not-for-profit organizations, revenue potential might not be a relevant objective and so cost and customer service are often taken as the twin objectives of location. In making decisions about where to locate an operation, operations managers are concerned with minimizing spatially variable costs and maximizing revenue and customer service. Location affects both of these but not equally for all types of operation. For example, with most products, customers may not care very much where they were made. Location is unlikely to affect the operations revenues significantly.However the costs of the operation will probably be very greatly moved(p) by location. Services, on the other hand, often have both costs and revenues affected by location. The location decision for any operation is determined by the relative strength of supply-side and demand-side factors (see Fig. 6. 5). Location techniques Although operations managers must exercise considerable judgement in the choice of alterative locations, there are some systematic and quantitative techniques which can help the decision process.We describe two here the weighted- constitute mode and the centre-of-gravity method. Weighted- gradation method The pr ocedure involves, first of dl, identifying the criteria which will be used to estimate the various locations. Second, it involves establishing the relative importance of each measuring stick and giving weighting factors to them. Third, it means raring each location according to each criterion. The scale of the score is arbitrary. In our example we shall use 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst possible score and 100 the best. Worked example An Irish company which prints and makes specialist packaging materials for the pharmaceutical industry has decided to build a new factory somewhere in the Benelux countries so as to provide a lively service for its customers in continental Europe. In order to choose a site it has decided to evaluate all options against a number of criteria, as follows the cost of the site the rate of local property revenue the availability of suitable skills in the local labour force the sites annoy to the motorway network the sites access to the airport t he potential of the site for future expansion. After consultation with its property agents the company identifies three sites which come along to be broadly acceptable. These are known as sites A, B and C. The company also investigates each site and draws up the weighted-score table shown in Table 6. 2. It is important to remember that the scores shown in Table 6. 2 are those which the manager has given as an indication of how each site meets the companys needs specifically. Nothing is necessarily being implied regarding any intrinsic worth of the locations. Likewise, the weightings are an indication of how important the company finds each criterion in the circumstances it finds itself. The value of a site for each criterion is then calculated by multiplying. its score by the weightings for each criterion. For location A, its score for the cost-of-site criterion is 80 and the weighting of this criterion is 4, so its value is 80 X 4 = 320. All these values are then summed for each site to obtain its total weighted score. Table 6. 2 indicates that location C has the highest total weighted score and therefore would be the preferred choice.It is interesting to note, however, that location C has the lowest score on what is, by the companys own choice, the most important criterion cost of the site. The high total weighted score which location C achieves in other criteria, however, outweighs this deficiency. If, on examination of this table, a company cannot accept what appears to be an inconsistency, then either the weights which have been given to each criterion, or the scores that have been allocated, do not truly 1 reflect the companys preference. ?